MONTANA  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE 
SCIENCE  STUDIES 


Vol.  i. 


BOTANY. 


Nos*  i,  a  and  3. 


SCIENCE    STUDIES. 


I .  A  CENTURY  OP  BOTANICAL  EXPLORATION  IN  HONTANA,  1805-1905: 

COLLECTORS.  HERBARIA  AND  BIBLIOGRAPHY, 

BY  J.  W.  BLANKINSHIP. 

II.  SUPPLEMENT   TO    THE    FLORA    OP     flONTANA.    ADDITIONS    AND    CORRECTIONS. 

BY  J.  W.  BLANKINSHIP. 

HI.  COMMON  NAMES  OP  HONTANA  PLANTS. 

BY  J.   W.    BLANKINSHIP,   AND  HBSTES 


1'XMtI.ISHBD   QUARtKRLT   BY   THB   C 
BOZEMAN,    MONTANA. 

, 


icr 

•*  •  ^»»  *  ^ 


MONTANA    AGRICULTURAL    COLLEGE    SCIENCE    STUDIES. 

BOTANY. 

Vol.  1,  No.  1,  November  1,  1904,. 


A   CENTURY   OF    BOTANICAL   EXPLORATION    IN 

MONTANA,  1805-1905:    COLLECTORS, 

HERBARIA  AND  BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


BY  J.  W.  BLANKINSHIP,  PH.  D., 

PROFESSOR   OF   BOTANY. 


BOZEMAN,   MONTANA. 

PUBLISHED    BY    THE    COLLEGE- 
FOUR    TIMES    A    YEAR. 


ANNOUNCEMENT. 

These  Science  Studies  of  the  Montana  Agricultural  College  are  in- 
tended to  afford  a  medium  for  the  publication  of  papers  dealing  es- 
pecially with  pure  science  and  general  education,  and  are  co-ordinate 
with  the  bulletins  of  the  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  which 
consider  the  subject  of  science  only  in  its  economic  aspect.  The 
two  phases  of  pure  and  applied  science  are  so  closely  interwoven  that 
any  careful  work  in  one  usually  necessitates  the  accumulation  of 
more  or  less  data  in  the  other,  for  the  publication  of  which  these 
two  parallel  series  are  necessary. 


Avant  Courier  Publishing  Company,  Bozeman,  Montana, 


THE  BITTERROOT    (LEWISIA  REDIVIVA,  PURSH). 

THE  STATE  FLOWER  OF  MONTANA. 


MONTANA    AGRICULTURAL    COLLEGE    SCIENCE    STUDIES. 

Vol.  i.  No.  i.  November  i,  1904. 

Application  has  been  made  for  entrance  as  2d  class  matter  at  Bozeman,   Mont,  postoffice. 

A  CENTURY  OF  BOTANICAL  EXPLORATION 

IN  MONTANA. 

Collectors,   Herbaria  and   Bibliography. 
BY   J.   W.   BLANKINSHIP. 


PREFACE. 

In  the  study  of  the  flora  of  a  region  it  is  very  desirable,  and  indeed 
necessary  for  scientific  accuracy,  to  know  what  collections  have  been 
previously  made  in  that  region,  where  these  are  deposited  and  what 
publications  based  upon  them  have  been  issued,  so  as  to  determine 
range  of  species,  consult  types  and  avoid  unnecessary  duplication, 
while  having  at  hand  the  conclusions  of  previous  botanists  in  the 
case  of  the  many  doubtful  forms  found  in  a  flora  relatively  new  and 
unworked.  The  present  paper  is  an  attempted  summation  of  the 
first  century  of  botanical  effort  in  Montana  and,  while  the  lists 
published  can  hardly  claim  to  be  complete  and  errors  of  reference 
perhaps  unavoidable  at  a  point  remote  from  the  larger  botanical 
"libraries,  it  is  hoped  that  the  data  here  assembled  may  prove 
of  value  to  others  concerned  with  the  botany  of  this  region  and 
encourage  the  study  of  one  of  the  most  interesting  and  unique  floras 
in  the  United  States 

It  appears  that  four  out  of  the  ten  collections  made  previous  to 
1862  went  to  Europe  along  with  the  publication  of  the  species 
contained  and  that  all  the  others,  for  the  first  three  quarters  of  the 
century,  remained  in  the  Eastern  United  States,  but,  since  1880,  a 
large  part  of  the  collections  made  have  remained,  in  duplicate  at 
least,  in  this  state,  principally  at  the  Agricultural  College,  Bozeman. 
These  latter  now  include  the  private  herbaria  of  R.  S.  Williams, 
AY.  T.  Shaw,  Mrs.  E.  W.  Scheuber,  Peter  Koch,  Mrs.  I.  M.  Kennedy. 
J.  W.  Blankinship,  F.  A.  Spragg,  Mrs.  J.  E.  Light  and  the  World's 
Fair  Collection  of  1893,  and  duplicates  of  the  collections  made  by  F. 
]).  Kelsey,  E.  N.  Brandegee,  Mrs.  G.  R.  Finlay,  Mrs.  H.  F.  Henshall. 
Rydberg  &  Bessey,  L.  M.  Umbach,  M.  J.  Elrod,  W.  W.  Jones 


4  MONTANA  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  SCIENCE  STUDIES. 

;ttid  others,  so  that  hereafter  no  one  can  hope  to  do  special  work  in 
ilic  flora  of  this  state  without  having  previously  consulted  these 
local  herbaria,  which  increase  in  size  and  value  every  year. 

Owing  to  the  fact  that  all  the  early  collections  made  in  Montana 
are  found  in  the  Eastern  herbaria  under  the  names  of  other  states, 
as  the  word  "Montana"  was  not  applied  to  this  region  till  1864,  it 
will  be  found  helpful  for  other  students  of  our  flora  at  these  herbaria 
to  know  the  names  by  which  it  was  called  previous  to  that  date. 

MONTANA. 

WEST    OF    CONTINENTAL    DIVIDE,  j  EAST    OF    CONTINENTAL     DIVIDE. 

Oregon  Country,  1790-1846.  Louisiana  (France)  till  1762. 

(In   dispute   between   Great   Britian    Louisiana    (Spain),    1762-1800. 
and  the  United  States).  Province  of  Louisiana  (France),  1800-3. 

District  of  Louisiana  (U.  S.),  1803-5. 
Territory  of  Louisiana,   1805-12. 
Oregon  Country,   (U.  S.),  1846-48.  Territory  of  Missouri,  1812-21. 


Territory  of  Oregon,  1848-53. 


The  Indian  Country  or  Northwest  Ter- 


ritory,    or    specially     the     "Mandan 
District,"    (1849),   1821-54. 
Territory  of  Nebraska,  1854-61. 

Territory  of  Washington,   1853-1863.        Territory  of  Dakota,  18G1-1863. 
Territory  of  Idaho,  18G3-1864. 
Territory  of  Montana,  1864-1889. 
State  of  Montana,  1889—. 

It  is  intented  to  include,  as  far  as  practicable,  the  names  of  all 
those  who  have  made  botanical  collections  of  any  importance  within 
the  present  bounds  of  Montana,  to  indicate  the  routes  they  pursued, 
as  an  aid  in  the  determination  of  "type  localities,"  to  specify  the  place 
where  their  collections  are  now  deposited,  as  far  as  known,  and  to 
mention  the  title  and  place  of  publication  of  all  works  dealing 
wholly  or  largely  with  the  flora  of  this  state. 

As  far  as  known,  notice  is  made  of  all  collections  numbering  100  or 
more  specimens,  deposited  in  some  accessible  herbarium,  or  which 
may  be  of  special  interest  from  their  early  date  or  from  reference  to 
them  in  botanical  publications,  following  the  order  of  historical 
sequence  up  to  1905.  It  is  hoped  that  any  errors  or  omissions  found 
will  be  communicated  to  the  author  and  in  particular  it  is  desired 
to  know  the  place  of  deposit  of  all  Montana  collections  not  here 
noted  or  information  of  other  publications  based  upon  them. 

MONTANA   AGRICULTURAL   COLLEGE, 

Bozeman,  Montana,  Nov.  1,  1904. 


A  CENTURY   OF  BOTANICAL  EXPLORATION   IN   MONTANA. 


I.— BOTANICAL  COLLECTIONS  MADE  IN  MONTANA. 

Meriwether  Lewis  of  the  Lewis  and  Clark  expedition, 
made  the  first  collections  within  the  present  state  of  Montana.  The 
route  of  this  expedition  was  np  the  Missouri,  Jefferson  and  Beaver- 
head  rivers,  down  the  Bitterroot  and  across  through  the  Lolo  Pass 
(Apr.  28  to  Sept.  3,  1805),  returning  (the  Lewis  party)  by  way  of 
the  Big  Blackfoot,  the  Lewis  &  Clark  pass,  down  Sun  river,  up  the 
-Marias  to  its  head-waters  and  down  the  Missouri  (June  29  to  Aug. 
7,  1806),  all  the  Montana  specimens  except  one  or  two  being  col- 
lected on  the  return.  Some  33  of  the  specimens  brought  back  were 
from  Montana  and  of  these  about  two-thirds  were  new  to  science. 
These  were  published  in  Pursh's  "Flora"  and  enumerated  again  by 
Meelian  (Proc.  Acad.  Phila.  Jan.  1898:  12-49),  while  the  collection 
itself  is  in  the  herbarium  of  the  Philadelphia  Academy  of  Natural 
Sciences. 

[Thomas  Nuttall  seems  never  to  have  been  within  the  bounds  of 
the  present  state  of  Montana,  although  authors  have  mistakenly 
referred  many  of  his  specimens  collected  in  Wyoming  and  Idaho  to 
this  state.  He  ascended  the  Missouri  river  with  John  Bradbury 
in  1810  as  far  as  the  eastern  part  of  Mercer  county',  North  Dakota* 
and  accompanied  the  \Yyeth  Second  Expedition**  of  1834-6,  which 
passed  far  south  and  west  of  this  state.] 

David  Douglas,  an  English  horticulturist  and  botanical  explorer, 
may  possibly  have  reached  the  extreme  western  limits  of  the  state 
about  1826,  though  his  own  account  (Comp.  Bot.  Mag.  2:  82-177  and 
Trans.  Hort.  Soc.  London,  7:  513)  does  not  make  this  at  all  certain. 

Alexander  Philipp  Maximilian,  Prince  of  Neuweid,  travelled  up 
the  Missouri  JRiver  as  far  as  the  Gate  of  the  Mountains,  1832-34,  the 
botany  of  the  expedition,  published  as  an  appendix  to  his 
"Travels",**  ;  being  elaborated  by  Nees  von  Essenbeck. 


*Bradbury's  Travels  in  the  Interior  of  America,  1809-1811.  Early  Western 
Travels  by  R.  G.  Thwa.it.es.  Cleveland,  O.  1904. 

**Townsend,  J.  K.:  "Narrative  of  a  Journey  Across  the  Rocky  Mountains 
to  the  Columbia  River  and  a  Visit  to  the  Sandwich  Islands,  Chili,  Etc.,  with 
a  scientific  appendix."  Philadelphia.  1839. 

***Reise  in  das  innere  Nordamerica  iv>  den  Jahren  1832-1834,  2  vols.  Coblenz, 
1841.  French  edition,  Paris,  1843;  English  edition,  London,  1843. 


6  MONTANA  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  SCIENCE  STUDIES. 

Nathaniel  J.  Wyeth,  a  Boston  fur-trader,  on  his  return  from  his 
first  expedition,  appears  to  have  ascended  the  Clark's  Fork  (called  by 
him  the  Flathead)  to  its  junction  .with  the  Missoula,  thence  up  that 
stream  and  the  Bitter  Root  through  the  Big  Hole  Basin  to  the 
Salmon  River  in  Idaho  and  eastward  to  the  Big  Horn  River, 
following  down  this  and  the  Yellowstone  to  the  Missouri  (April  to 
August,  1833).*  His  collections  were  described  by  Xuttall  and  are 
in  the  Academy  of  Sciences  at  Philadelphia,  a  duplicate  set  being  at 
the  New  York  Botanical  Garden. 

Charles  A.  Geyer,  a  German  botanist,  collected  in  Montana  in 
1844.  His  route  appears  to  have  been  up  the  Clark's  Fork  to  the 
Flathead  mission  and  from  there  up  the  Bitter  Root  and  down  the 
Jefferson  and  Yellowstone  in  the  path  Clark  marked  out.  His 
plants  were  taken  to  Europe,  determined  by  Hooker,  and  distribut- 
ed to  various  herbaria,  Kew  or  the  British  Museum  and  the  Gray 
Herbarium  securing  the  more  important  sets.  Geyer  himself  gives 
a  general  account  of  the  country  (London  Jour.  Bot.  vols.  4  and  5) 
and  Hooker  describes  his  plants  (London  Jour.  Bot.  vol.  6  and 
Hookers  Jour.  Bot.  vols.  3,  5,  7  and  8). 

T.  A.  Culbertson  in  1850  collected  along  the  Missouri  as  far  as 
the  mouth  of  Milk  River,  but  principally  about  the  mouth  of  the 
Yellowstone.**  His  collection  is  probably  in  Porter's  private  herbari- 
um and  more  or  less  of  his  specimens  in  the  older  herbaria.  The  re- 
sults of  his  work  were  published  by  T.  C.  Porter  (5th  Ann.  Rep. 
Smith  Inst.  pp.  133-136). 

J.  G.  Cooper,  a  physician  attached  to  the  Stevens  Expedition  of 
1853-4,  appears  to  have  made  collections  in  the  state  from  Ft.  Ben- 
ton  to  Helena  and  westward,  though  they  appear  to  have  been  few 
and  fragmentary.  Sets  of  these  plants  are  at  the  Gray  Herbarium, 
the  New  York  Botanical  Garden  and  the  National  Museum.  He 
issued  a  single  paper  on  the  trees  of  the  state  (Am.  Nat.  3  : 
1870). 


*"The  Correspondence  and  Journals  of  Captain  Nathaniel  J.  Wyeth, 
1831-36"  in  "Sources  of  the  History  of  Oregon,"  Vol.  1,  Pts.  3-8.  Eugene, 
Ore.,  1899.  Oregon  Historical  Society. 

"•*Culbertson,   T.   A.      "Journal    of   an    expedition   to   the    Manvaises    Terres 
and  the  Upper  Missouri  in  1850." 


A  CENTURY   OF  BOTANICAL   EXPLORATION   IN   MONTANA.  7 

F.  V.  Hayden,  the  geologist  of  the  "Hayden  Survey",  collected 
somewhat  in  botany  on  the  Lower  Yellowstone  and  the  Big  Horn  in 
1853-4.  and  with  the  Warren  -Expedition  of  1855-57,  which 
ascended  the  Yellowstone  to  the  mouth  of  the  Big  Horn  and  thence 
across  to  Ft.  Benton.  He  also  made  collections  with  the  Raynolds 
Kxpedition  of  1860,  which  ascended  to  the  headwaters  of  the  Mis- 
souri and  the  Yellowstone.  The  plants  of  this  latter  expedi- 
tion were  determined  and  the  results  published  by  Dr.  George 
Engelmann  (Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  12:  182-212.  Phila.  1862),  which 
is  largely  a  reprint  from  a  previous  paper  by  Hayden  (Rep.  Sec. 
War  for  1858.  2:726-747). 

George  Suckley,  a  physician,  who  accompanied  the  Stevens  Ex- 
pedition of  1853-4,  collected  along  the  Missouri  and  Milk  rivers  as 
far  as  Ft.  Benton,  his  plants  being  determined  and  the  results 
published  by  Dr.  Gray  (Pac.  Ry.  Surv.  12,  Pt.  2:  40-49.  1860).  His 
type  collection  is  probably  at  the  Gray  Herbarium  with  duplicates 
at  the  National  Herbarium,  Washington,  and  the  New  York  Botani- 
cal Garden. 

John  Pearsall  accompanied  the  Mullan  Expedition  of  1858-62, 
which  followed  the  route  up  the  Prickly  Pear  from  Ft.  Benton  to 
Helena  and  thence  westward  along  the  line  now  marked  by  the 
Northern  Pacific  railway  and  the  Coeur  d'Alene  branch  into  Idaho. 
lie  probably  collected  fewer  than  a  hundred  specimens  in  the  state 
and  these  appear  to  be  now  in  the  Gray  Herb,  and  the  N.  Y.  Bot. 
( iarden. 

David  Lyall,  an  English  Naturalist  of  the  North  American  Bound- 
ary Commission  ("Oregon  Boundary  Commission"),  collected  a 
number  of  species  in  1861,  in  northwestern  Montana  or  near  the 
Canadian  line,  then  being  established,  west  of  the  Continental  Di- 
vide. His  type  collection  is  at  Kew,  but  a  number  of  his  speci- 
mens are  at  the  Gray  Herb.  He  published  his  results  in  London 
in  1863  (Jour.  Linnsean  Soc.  7:  124-144). 

Winslow  J.-  Howard  seems  to  have  collected  somewhat  in  the 
"Rocky  Mountains  of  Montana"  about  1866,  as  a  number  of  his 
specimens  are  found  in  the  Gray  Herbarium  and  at  least  one  species 
(Oniphalodcs  Hoivardii,  Gray)  was  named  for  him. 

Robert  Adams  and  G.  N.  Allen  were  here  with  the  Hayden  Survey 


8  MONTANA  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  SCIENCE  STUDIES. 

in  1871,  collecting  along  the  Upper  Yellowstone,  Gallatin,  Madison 
and  Jefferson  rivers,  their  plants  being  determined  and  results  pub- 
lished by  Porter  in  the  Hayden  Survey  for  1871  (pp.  477-498).  Their 
collections  are  with  the  Porter  Herbarium  at  Lafayette  College, 
Easton,  Pa.  and  a  duplicate  set  at  the  N.  Y.  Bot.  Card. 

John  M.  Coulter,  now  Professor  of  Botany  in  the  University  of 
Chicago  and  whose  "Manual  of  Rocky  Mountain  Botany"  still  re- 
mains our  text-book  on  the  flora  of  the  state,  was  here  with  the 
Hayden  Survey  in  1872-3,  but  collected  only  along  the  Upper  Yel- 
lowstone and  mainly  within  the  present  limits  of  the  Park.  His 
determinations  appear  in  the  Hayden  Survey  for  1873  (pp.  747-792), 
while  his  specimens  are  probably  in  the  National  Herbarium  at 
Washington  and  at  the  University  of  Chicago. 

J.  A.  Allen,  Naturalist  of  the  North  Pacific  Railroad  Expedition 
of  1873,  ascended  the  Yellowstone  to  Pompey's  Pillar,  thence  across 
to  and  down  the  Musselshell  to  the  Big  Bend  and  back  down  the 
Yellowstone.  His  plants  were  determined  by  Dr.  George  Vasey 
and  a  set  is  doubtless  in  the  National  Herbarium.  He  published: 
his  report,  which  contains  a  considerable  list  of  Montana  species,  in 
Boston  (Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  17:  70-86.  1874). 

C.  C.  Parry  accompanied  the  Jones  Expedition  to  the  Yellowstone 
Park  in  1873  and  some  of  his  collections  are  probably  from  the  Up- 
the  Yellowstone  in  Montana.  All  his  private  herbarium  extant 
is  at  the  Iowa  State  University,  Iowa  City,  Iowa,  but  there  are 
duplicate  sets  in  the  older  herbaria.  His  "Botanical  Observations" 
was  published  (Amer.  Nat.  8:  9,  102,  175,  211,  with  a  reprint)  at 
Salem,  Mass,  in  1874. 

Elliott  Coues,  then  connected  with  the  army  as  surgeon  and  nat- 
uralist on  the  United  States  Northern  Boundary  Commission,  in 
conjunction  with  the  Canadian  naturalist,  George  M.  Dawson  made 
collections  along  the  northern  boundary  of  the  state  in  1874,  the 
species  being  determined  and  published  by  dickering  (Bull.  U.  S. 
Geol.  and  Geogr.  Survey,  4:  801-830.  Washington,  1878). 

V.  Havard,  an  army  surgeon,  took  part  in  a  reconnoissance  in 
1877  up  the  Yellowstone  to  Pompey's  Pillar  and  thence  northward 
across  the  Musselshell  and  Judith  Basin  to  the  Missouri  and  again, 
in  1879,  UP  the  Missouri  and  Milk  rivers  to  Ft.  Assinniboine  and  on 


A  CENTURY  OF  BOTANICAL  EXPLORATION  IN   MONTANA.  9 

to  Great  Falls.  A  report  of  his  collections  was  published  in  Ann. 
Rep.  Chief  of  Engineers,  U.  S.  A.  for  1878,  App.  QQ,  pp.  1681-1687, 
and  in  that  for  1880,  App.  SS,  pp.  1-20.  His  collections  should  be  in 
the  National  Herbarium  and  there  appears  to  be  a  set  at  the  Gray 
Herbarium. 

Sereno  Watson  of  the  Gray  Herbarium  made  a  trip  into  western 
Montana  in  1880,  collecting  data  in  regard  to  the  forestry  of  the  re- 
gion for  the  loth  census.  His  route  was  from  Garrison  to  Dillon  and 
westward  throught  the  Big  Hole  Basin  and  down  +he  Bitter  Root 
to  Missoula  and  out  by  way  of  the  Lo  Lo  pass.  He  made  a  con- 
siderable collection,  now  at  the  Gray  Herbarium,  while  his  report 
is  published  by  Sargent  (loth  Census.  9:  564-566.  Washington, 
1884). 

Robert  S.  Williams,  while  engaged  in  Other  business,  made  ex- 
tensive collections  extending  over  some  19  years  (1880-1899),  in- 
cluding Lichens  and  Mosses,  as  well  as  flowering  plants.  His 
plants  came  mainly  from  the  Little  Belt  and  Highwood  mountains, 
Great  Falls  (1880-1891),  Columbia  Falls  and  adjacent  Rockies  (1892- 
99)  and  Teton  county  (1897).  His  private  collection  is  at  the 
Montana  Agricultural  College,  Bozeman,  Montana,  but  duplicate 
sets  of  his  plants  have  been  distributed  at  the  Nat.  Herb.,  N.  Y.  Bot. 
Gard.,  Gray  Herb.,  Mo.  Bot.  Card.,  Univ.  of  Mont.,  and  other  her- 
l>aria,  and  he  has  published  several  papers  dealing  with  our  flora. 

Frank  Tweedy,  a  topographer  in  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey, 
while  working  in  southern  Montana  and  the  Yellowstone  Park, 
made  extensive  collections  in  this  state,  which  are  mainly  in  his 
private  herbarium  at  Washington,  with  partial  sets  at  the  N.  Y. 
Bot.  Card.,  Coll.  of  Pharmacy,  N.  Y.,  Nat.  Herb.,  Gray  Herb.,  and  at 
Mont.  Agr.  Coll.  He  collected  during  the  years  1881-2  and  1886-91 
within  the  Crow  Reservation  and  the  counties  of  Carbon,  Sweet 
Grass,  Park,  Gallatin,  Madison,  Beaver  Head,  Silver  Bow,  and  Jef- 
ferson. He  published  a  Flora  of  the  Yellowstone  National  Park 
(Washington  1886). 

William  M.  Canby,  a  banker  of  Wilmington,  Del.,  was  here  in 
1882-83  with  the  Northern  Transcontinental  Survey  along  with 
Charles  S.  Sargent,  who  was  studying  the  forestry  of  the  state. 
The  collections  of  the  former  are  now  at  the  College  of  Pharmacy, 
York  City  and  those  of  the  latter  at  the  Arnold  Arboretum, 


10  MONTANA  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  SCIENCE  STUDIES. 

Jamaica  Plains,  Mass.,  of  which  he  is  Director.  Their  route  extended 
from  Helena  to  the  Flathead  Agency,  past  the  Flathead  Lake  and  up 
the  N.  Fk.  of  the  Flathead  River,  over  the  Cutbank  Pass  and  back 
over  the  Lewis  and  Clark  Pass. 

F.  W.  Anderson,  son  of  an  English  minister  of  Great  Falls,  col- 
lected about  Great  Falls,  Ft.  Benton,  Little  Belt  and  Highwood 
Mountains,  Helena  and  Sheridan  (1883-88).  Most  of  his  personal 
collections  are  in  the  herbarium  of  the  College  of  Montana  at  Deer 
Lodge,  but  his  Fungi  and  Algae  appear  to  have  been  secured  by 
the  New  York  Botanical  Garden  with  the  herbarium  of  J.  B.  Ellis. 
He  published  a  number  of  papers  on  the  flora  of  the  state,  mainly 
on  the  Fungi  and  Algae  in  connection  with  Kelsey. 

E.  W.  Hilgard,  now  Director  of  the  California  Agricultural  Ex- 
periment Station  at  Berkeley,  was  engaged  in  making  a  soil  survey 
of  the  state  in  1883  in  connection  with  the  Northern  Transcontinen- 
tal Survey  and  collected  a  series  of  plants  in  the  plains  region,  chief- 
ly along  the  Milk  river,  Judith  Basin,  Musselshell  and  the  Yellow- 
stone, but  most  of  this  collection  was  destroyed  by  fire,  the  remain- 
der being  at  the  University  of  California. 

J.  B.  Leiberg,  while  in  the  service  of  the  Northern  Pacific  Railway 
in  the  interest  of  tree-culture,  made  collections  as  far  west  as  Glen- 
dive  and  later  published  his  notes  on  the  botany  of  the  region  (Bot. 
Gaz.  9:  103-107,  126-129.  1884).  He  also  worked  up  the  forestry  of 
the  Bitter  Root  Forest  Reserve  in  1898  in  the  employ  of  the  U.  S. 
Geological  Survey  which  published  his  report  (i9th  Ann.  Rep.  L\ 
S.  Geol.  Surv.  5:  253-282). 

J.  S.  Newberry  collected  along  the  Northern  Pacific  Railway  in 
1884,  publishing  a  brief  note  on  the  botany  (Ann.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci, 
3:  242-270.  1884). 

F.  Lamson  Scribner  was  here  in  1883  with  the  Northern  Transcon- 
tinental Survey  under  W.  M.  Canby  and  devoted  his  attention  par- 
ticularly to  studying  the  grasses.       He  made  collections  at  Lima, 
Dillon,  Garrison,  Helena  and  Bozeman  and  made  a  trip  from  Town- 
send  to  White  Sulphur  Springs,  Monarch  and  Ft.  Benton.      His  own 
private  collection  was  destroyed  by  fire  but  there  is  a  duplicate  set 
at  the  College  of  Pharmacy,  New  York.       He  published  a  paper* 


A  CENTURY   OF  BOTANICAL  EXPLORATION  IN  MONTANA.         11 

on  the  agricultural  grasses  of  the  state  (4th  and  5th  Proc.  Soc.  Prom. 
Agr.  Science,  pp.  87-93.     Newburg,  N.  Y.  1885). 

A.  B.  Seymour,  now  connected  with  the  Cryptogamic  Herbarium 
of  Harvard  University,  made  a  trip  through  the  state  in  1884  along 
the  line  of  the  Northern  Pacific  Railway  collecting  parasitic  fungi. 
He  stopped  at  Billings,  Livingston,  Bozeman,  Helena,  and  Thomp- 
><>n  Falls.  Sets  of  this  collection  are  in  his  private  herbarium,  at 
the  I'niv.  of  Illinois,  in  whose  interest  he  made  the  excursion,  and 
at  Harvard  University.  A  list  of  the  plants  collected  was  published 
in  Boston  in  1889  (Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  4:  182-191). 

F.  D.  Kelsey,  a  Congregational  minister  at  Helena,  took  up  botany 
as  a  recreation  and  did  much  to  arouse  interest  in  this  science  over 
the  state.  He  collected  mainly  in  Lewis  and  Clarke,  but  also  in  Deer 
Lodge,  Ravalli  and  Jefferson  counties  and  as  far  east  as  Bil- 
lings, his  work  extending  from  1885  to  1892.  It  was  under  his  di- 
rection that  the  World's  Fair  collection  of  1893  was  made  and  this 
is  now  in  the  herb,  of  Mont.  Agr.  College,  but  all  his  private  her- 
barium is  at  Oberlin  College,  Oberlin,  Ohio,  where  he  was  pro- 
fessor of  botany  after  leaving  Montana.  In  conjunction  with  An- 
derson he  published  a  number  of  papers  on  the  flora. 

W.  T.  Shaw  made  a  small  collection  of  plants  about  Bozeman 
in  1892  and  previously  at  Deer  Lodge;  these  are  now  in  the  herb, 
Montana  Agricultural  College. 

F.  W.  Traphagen,  while  connected  with  the  College  of  Montana 
at  Deer  Lodge  was  largely  instrumental  in  building  up  the  herbarium 
of  that  institution.  His  collections  (1887-1890)  were  mainly  from 
that  vicinity  and  are  deposited  with  that  institution,  a  duplicate 
bet  being  at  the  N.  Y.  Bot.  Garden. 

Mrs.  Emma  W.  Scheuber  of  Livingston  (Miss  Emma  J.  Ware), 
then  a  teacher,  collected  in  Deer  Lodge  county  and  on  the  Big 
Blackfoot,  at  Philipsburg,  Beartown,  Granite  (1888-1892)  and  later 
about  Livingston.  She  donated  her  collections  to  the  Agricultural 
College,  Bozeman. 

Georg  Dieck  of  Zoeschen  bei  Merseburg,  Germany,  collected  in 
Central  Montana  (Deer  Lodge)  in  August,  1888  the  plants  being  de- 
termined and  results  published  by  J.  Freyn  (Deutsch  Bot.  Monats. 


12  MONTANA  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  SCIENCE  STUDIES. 

8:  73-79,  176-182.  1891).     Collection  here  apparently  unimportant. 

Peter  Koch,  a  banker  of  Bozerr-an  made  extoir-ix  c  collections  in- 
Gailatin  county  (1888-1894  >  an:\  at  out  Cooke  City  and  the  Granite 
Range  (1897  and  1899).  He  donated  his  entire  collection  to  the  Mon- 
tana Agricultural  College. 

M.  A.  Carleton,  now  connected  with  the  Department  of  Agricul- 
ture at  Washington,  took  part  in  the  Garfield  University  (now 
Friend's  University  at  Wichita,  Kansas)  Expedition,  which  was  in 
Montana  in  August,  1889,  collecting  along  the  Oregon  Short  Line,  at 
Helena  and  the  Gate  of  the  Mountains, -the  chief  set  of  plants  remain- 
ing at  that  institution,  but  duplicates  are  in  his  private  herbarium  at 
Washington  and  at  the  University  of  Chicago.  The  plants  were 
named  by  Prof.  J.  M.  Coulter  and  the  results  published  by  Carleton 
(Kans.  Acad.  Sci.  13:  50-57.  Topeka,  1893).  Relatively  few  species 
are  from  Montana. 

Mrs.  Irene  M.  Kennedy  of  Columbia  Falls  made  collections  about 
Belt  and  Great  Falls  (1884-89),  in  the  Flathead  region  (1892-1900), 
and  at  Midvale  and  Columbia  Falls  (1890-1898)  and  has  donated 
them  to  the  Agricultural  College,  Bozeman. 

J.  W.  Blankinship,  Professor  of  Botany  in  Montana  Agricultural 
College,  collected  on  the  Big  Horn  river  near  Custer  Station  in 
1890  and  later  over  nearly  every  part  of  the  state  (1898-1904), 
flowering  plants  mainly,  but  also  largely  of  parasitic  fungi  and  other 
Cryptogams.  The  collections  are  in  the  Agricultural  College,  Boze- 
man and  a  number  of  papers  chiefly  of  an  economic  nature,  have 
been  published.  Various  sets  of  this  collection  have  been  distri- 
buted to  the  principal  herbaria. 

F.  N.  Notestein,  who  succeeded  Dr.  Traphagen  at  the  College  of 
Montana,  did  more  or  less  collecting  in  the  vicinity  of  Deer  Lodge 
(1890-1895)  and  his  specimens  are  with  that  institution. 

Mrs.  Mary  L.  Alderson,  collected  about  Bozeman  (1889-92)  and 
later  about  Bald  Butte,  where  she  now  resides.  A  part  of  her 
collection  is  in  the  herbarium  Montana  Agricultural  College. 

E.  N.  Brandegee,  now  President  of  the  State  Board  of  Horticul- 
ture, has  a  large  private  herbarium,  mainly  from  Lewis  and  Clark 
county  (1892-1900)  with  duplicates  in  the  herb.  Mont.  Agr.  Coll. 


A  CENTURY  OF  BOTANICAL  EXPLORATION  IN   MONTANA.         13 

Mrs.  G.  R.  Finlay  of  Bozeman  has  done  more  or  less  botanical 
work  in  that  vicinity  (1893-1903)  and  donated  many  specimens  to 
the  Montana  Agricultural  College. 

Mrs.  Laura  A.  Fitch  made  collections  about  Sheridan  and  Virginia 
City  (1892?)  some  of  which  are  at  the  Mont.  Agr.  Coll.,  but  her  pri- 
vate herbarium  is  at  the  Univ.  of  Mont.,  Missoula. 

J.  H.  Sandberg,  assisted  by  D.  T.  MacDougal  and  A.  A.  Heller, 

made  a  small  collection  of  plants  at  Thompson  Falls,  Bonner  and 
Glendive  in  1892  (Cont.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  3:  204-287.  Washington, 
1895)-  for  the  National  Herbarium  and  Dr.  MacDougal  collected 
about  Flathead  Lake,  the  Mission  Mountains  and  McDonald  Lake 
in  the  summer  of  1901,  the  specimens  going  to  the  N.  Y.  Bot.  Card. 

Mrs.  J.  E.  Light  sent  a  collection  of  nearly  100  specimens  collec- 
ted in  1892  in  Custer  county  to  the  World's  Fair  collection  of  1903. 
These  are  at  the  Montana  Agricultural  College.  The  Montana  Ladies' 
World's  Fair  Collection  of  1893  was  made  up  by  the  ladies  all  over 
the  state,  for  besides  Mrs.  Scheuber  (Miss  Emma  Ware),  Mrs. 
Alderson,  Mrs.  Finlay,  Mrs.  Fitch,  Mrs.  Kennedy  and  Mrs.  Light, 
already  mentioned,  there  were  also  Mrs.  Jennie  Moore  of  Butte, 
Mrs.  Ida  Christie  of  Silver  Bow  Co.,  Mrs.  McNulty  of  Madison 
Co.,  Mrs.  E.  Muth  of  Lewis  and  Clark  Co.,  Mrs.  Hodgeman  and 
others  who  took  part  in  the  work.  This  collection  is  now  a  part  of 
the  herbarium  of  the  Montana  Agricultural  College. 

P.  A.  Rydberg,  now  Curator  of  the  herbarium  of  the  New  York 
Botanical  Garden,  was  here  with  C.  L.  Shear  in  1895  in  the  employ 
of  the  Division  of  Agrostology  at  Washington,  collecting  mainly  for- 
age plants.  Their  route  was  from  Dillon,  to  Deer  Lodge,  Helena, 
Bozeman  and  return.  Their  plants  are  in  the  Div.  of  Agrost.  at 
Washington  and  the  N.  Y.  Bot.  Garden.  Dr.  Rydberg  returned  un- 
der the  same  auspices  in  1896  accompanied  by  J.  H.  Flodman  of 
Wahoo,  Neb.  and  collected  from  Bozeman,  the  Spanish  Peaks  and 
Bridger  Range,  to  Monarch  and  the  Judith  Basin,  returning  along 
the  Crazy  Mountains  to  Livingston.  Their  collections  were  dis- 
tributed as  before.  The  next  summer  Dr.  Rydberg  returned  in  the 
interest  of  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden  and  had  as  his  assis- 
tant this  time  E.  A.  Bessey  of  the  University  of  Nebraska.  Their 
route  extended  from  Bozeman  via  the  Spanish  Peaks,  and  the  Mad- 
ison Valley  to  the  Park  and  return  by  way  of  the  Yellowstone.  The 


14  MONTANA  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  SCIENCE  STUDIES. 

type  collections  are  at  the  N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.,  but  duplicates  have  been 
widely  distributed,  the  Gray  Herb,  and  the  Mont.  Agr.  Cpllege, 
among  others,  receiving  sets.  Based  mainly  upon  these  collections 
Dr.  Rydberg  issued  his  "Flora  of  Montana  and  the  Yellowstone 
National  Park"  (New  York,  1900)  and  numerous  other  papers  on 
our  flora. 

H.  S.  Jennings,  Professor  of  Botany  in  the  Montana  Agricultur- 
al College,  made  a  small  collection  about  Bozeman  in.  1897  and  this 
is  in  the  herbarium  of  this  institution. 

E.  V.  Wilcox  made  collections  in  the  Absaroka  Mountains  in  1897 
and  in  various  parts  of  the  state  in  1900,  for  the  Department  of  Ag- 
riculture at  Washington  and  these  specimens  are  in  the  Nat.  Herb, 
and  Dept.  of  Agr.  at  Washington  and  in  the  N.  Y.  Bot.  Card. 

David  Griffiths  in  the  employ  of  the  Division  of  Agrostology  at 
Washington  and  T.  A.  Williams,  Professor  of  Botany  at  the  Agr. 
Coll.  of  S.  Dakota  made  a  tour  through  the  state  in  1898,  stopping 
at  Billings,  Red  Lodge,  Missoula  and  the  Bitter  Root  Valley.  Dr. 
Griffiths  came  again  in  1890  with  E.  F.  Lange,  a  teacher  of  Superior 
Neb.,  stopping  at  Billings,  Selish,  Flathead  Lake  and  various  points 
along  the  Great  Northern  to  Great  Falls.  The  collections  are  in 
the  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb. 

Mrs.  Hester  F.  Henshall  has  done  more  or  less  collecting  about 
Mt.  Bridger  and  the  U.  S.  Fish  Station  near  Bozeman  (1898-1903) 
and  many  of  her  specimens  are  in  the  herbarium  of  the  Montana 
Agricultural  College. 

H.  B.  Ayres,  worked  up  the  forestry  of  the  Flathead  Forest  Re- 
serve in  1898  and  that  of  the  Lewis  and  Clark  Forest  Reserve  in 
1899  for  the  Geological  Survey,  which  published  his  reports  (2oth 
Ann.  Rep.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  5:  245-316.  and  2ist.  5:  27-80.) 

Aven  Nelson,  Professor  of  Botany  in  the  University  of  Wyoming 
and  Elias  Nelson,  his  assistant,  collected  across  the  southern  part 
of  Madison  County  from  Monida  to  the  Park  in  1899  and  their  col- 
lections are  at  that  institution  and  variously  distributed. 

Wyatt  W.  Jones,  Burle  J.  Jones,  Jacob  Vogel,  E.  J.  S.  Moore  and 
Amy  M.  Cooke,  students  in  the  Mont.  Agr.  College,  made  important 


A  CENTURY  OF  BOTANICAL  EXPLORATION  IN   MONTANA.         15 

collections  in  various  parts  of  Gallatin  county  (1900-1903)  and  sets 
of  their  specimens   are   in   the   herbarium   of  that   institution. 

Frank  A.  Spragg,  while  preparing  his  thesis  in  botany  at  ihe  Mont. 
Agr.  College,  collected  in  1900  and  1901  in  Fergus  coumy  and  re- 
gion adjacent,  largely  grasses,  which  are  in  the  herbarium  of  the 
college. 

H.  C.  Cowles,  Professor  of  Botany  in  the  University  of  Chicago, 
with  some  19  students  spent  some  time  collecting  along  the  Great 
Northern  Railway  and  at  McDonald  and  Flathead  Lakes  in  August, 
1901,  the  chief  set  of  the  specimens  going  to  the  University  of  Chi- 
cago. 

L.  M.  Umbach,  Professor  of  Biology  at  Northwestern  College, 
Naperville,  111.,  made  large  and  important  collections  in  Montana 
in  1901  and  1903,  principally  in  the  Lake  McDonald  region,  and  at 
Big  Fork  and  Midvale.  His  collections  are  at  that  institution,  but 
there  are  duplicate  sets  at  the  N.  Y.  Bot.  Card,  and  Mont.  Agr.  Coll. 

M.  J.  Elrod,  Professor  of  Biology  at  the  L'niversity  of  Montana, 
and  some  of  his  students  collected  about  Missoula  and  the  Flathead 
Lake  region  (1899-1904),  their  collections  going  to  the  University 
of  Montana  with  duplicates  at  Mont.  Agr.  Coll.  and  the  N.  Y.  Bot. 
.Card. 

Wilson  P.  Harris  of  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  collected  Lichens  and  Mosses 
in  western  Montana,  principally  about  Missoula  and  the  Flathead 
Lake,  in  the  summer  of  1901  under  the  auspices  of  the  New  York 
Botanical  Garden.  The  Lichens  were  determined  by  Prof.  Bruce 
Fink  and  Mrs.  Isaac  Harris  and  the  Mosses  by  Mrs.  Elizabeth  G. 
Britton.  Sets  of  this  collection  are  at  the  New  York  Botanical  Ger- 
den,  the  University  of  Montana  and  in  the  herbaria  of  Mr.  Harris 
and  his  mother,  while  the  results  of  his  work  appear  in  Bull.  No.  19, 
Univ.  of  Mont.,  Missoula,  1904. 

Harry  N.  Whitford  with  others  from  the  University  of  Chicago 
worked  in  the  same  locality  in  1902,  paying  particular  attention  to 
forestry. 

T.  J.  Fitzpatrick  of  Iowa  City,  Iowa  also  made  an  extensive  bo- 
tanical collection  in  the  Mission  Mountains  and  Flathead  Lake 
region  in  1902. 


16  MONTANA  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  SCIENCE  STUDIES. 

Millie  M.  Smith,  a  teacher  from  Forsyth  and  Arthur  Lehman  from 
Lewistown  also  collected  there  in  1904. 

Besides  those  in  this  list  who  have  collected  in  Montana,  there 
are  doubtless  many  others  whose  names  rightly  belong-  here.  A  few 
of  these  names  whose  collections  I  have  not  been  able  to  place  are 
as  follows:  Swallow,  "in  the  high  mountains  of  Montana;"  R.  W. 
Springer,  1882;  E.  Douglas,  Helena,  1894.  Any  information  relating 
to  the  collections  made  by  these  and  by  others  not  here  listed  will  be 
gratefully  received. 


II.— BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

The  following  list  is  intended  to  include  all  publications  dealing 
wholly  or  in  large  part  with  the  botany  of  the  state  of  Montana, 
arranged  alphabetically  by  authors,  with  brief  notes  as  to  their 
rjature  and  importance. 

Allen,  J.  A.  "Notes  on  the  natural  history  of  portions  of  Mon- 
tana and  Dakota."  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  17:  1-61.  Bos- 
ton, 1874.  An  annotated  list  of  the  plants  collected  by  the  expedi- 
tion, arranged  by  orders. 

Anderson,  F.  W.  "Pastoral  Resources  of  Montana."  Rep.  Com. 
Agr.  1888:  311-324.  Washington,  1889.  A  sketch  of  the  general 
physical  features  of  the  state,  its  climate,  agriculture  and  botany 
with  an  enumeration  of  some  55  of  the  chief  forage  grasses. 

Anderson,  F.  W.  "Brief  Notes  on  a  few  common  fungi  of  Monta- 
na." Jour.  Mycol.  5:  30-32.  Washington,  1889.  Notes  on  14  of 
the  more  common  leaf-fungi  of  the  state. 

Anderson  F.  W.  "Supplementary  notes."  Jour  Mycol.  5 :  82-84. 
1889.  Brief  notes  on  53  species  of  the  fungi  of  Helena,  Mont. 

Anderson,  F.  W.  "A  preliminary  list  of  the  Erysipheae  of  Monta- 
na." Jour.  Mycol.  5:  188-194.  1889.  Mentions  13  species  with 
their  hosts  and  distribution. 

Anderson,  F.  W.  "The  fruit  of  Ribes  aurcum,  Pursh".  Bot.  Gaz. 
14:  289.  Crawfordsville,  Ind.,  1889.  A  mere  note  on  variation  in 
color. 


A  CENTURY  OF  BOTANICAL  EXPLORATION  IN  MONTANA.         17 

Anderson,  F.  W.  "A  new  Fomes  from  Northern  Montana."  Bot. 
Gaz.  16:  114.  1891.  Describes  and  figures  F.  Ellisianus,  Anders,  on 
Shcphcrdia. 

Anderson,  F.  W.,  and  F.  D.  Kelsey.  "Common  and  conspicuous 
algae  of  "Montana."  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  18:  137-146.  New  York. 
1891.  Notes  on  some  62  species,  four  of  which  are  described  as  new. 

Anderson,  F.  W.  See  J.  B.  Ellis. 

Ayres,  H.  B.  "The  Flathead  'Forest  Reserve."  2Oth  Ann.  Rep. 
U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  5:  245-316.  Washington,  1900.  Contains  an 
exhaustive  treatment  of  the  economic  forestry  of  that  section  with 
a  detailed  description  of  the  whole  region. 

Ayres,  H.  B.  "Lewis  and  Clark  Forest  Reserve,  Montana".  2ist 
Ann.  Rep.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  5 :  27-80.  Washington  1900.  A  valuable 
paper  on  the  forestry  and  topography  of  this  region. 

Blankinship,  J.  W.  "Weeds  of  Montana".  Mont.  Agr.  Exp.  Sta. 
Bull.  30:  1-70.  Bozeman,  Mont.,  1901.  An  enumeration  of  the 
weeds  of  the  state  with  a  general  discussion  of  the  subject. 

Blankinship,  J.  W.  "Report  of  the  botanist".  Bull.  Mont.  Agr. 
Exp.  Station.  32:  38-44.  1902.;  Ann.  Rep.  Mont.  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.  9: 
68-79.  19°3>  and  10:64-68.  1904.  Contains  many  short  papers  on 
the  ecpnomic  botany  of  the  state. 

Blankinship,  J.  W.  "Shade  Trees  and  Ornamental  Vines  of  Mon- 
tana." Ann.  Rep.  Mont.  Farmers'  Institutes,  1 :2O2-2io.  Helena, 
1902.  An  enumeration  of  the  species  commonly  used  for  this  pur- 
pose in  the  state. 

Blankinship,  J.  W.  "Poisonous  Plants  of  Montana".  Ann.  Sess. 
N.  W.  Woolgrowers'  Assoc.  5 :  49-  54.  Helena,  1902.  A  preliminary 
discussion  of  the  subject. 

Blankinship,  J.  W.  "The  Loco  and  Some  other  Poisonous  Plants 
cf  Montana".  Bull.  Mont.  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.  45:  73-104.  1903.  A  gen- 
eral report  of  the  five  chief  groups  of  plants  poisonous  to  stock  in 
the  state  with  a  special  study  of  the  loco  question  with  means  for 
avoidance  and  eradication. 

Canby,  W.  M.     "Erigeron  Tweedyi,  n.  sp."  Bot.  Gaz.  13:17.  1888. 
Carleton,  M.  A.    "List  of  plants  collected  by  the  Garfield  Univer- 


18  MONTANA  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  SCIENCE  STUDIES. 

sity  Expedition  of  1889."  Trans.  Kans.  Acad.  Sci.  13:  50-57.  To- 
peka,  1893.  Gives  a  list  of  the  species  collected,  a  number  of  which 
are  from  Montana. 

Chesnut,  V.  K.  "Some  poisonous  plants  of  the  northern  stock 
ranges."  Yearbook  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  1900:  305-324.  Washington 
1900.  A  general  discussion  of  the  subject,  including  conditions  in 
Montana. 

Chesnut,  V.  K.  and  E.  V.  Wilcox.  "The  stock-poisoning  plants 
of  Montana/'  Bull.  Div.  Bot.,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  26:  1-150.  1901. 
An  extended  account  largely  experimental,  of  the  plants  known  or 
suspected  of  being  poisonous  in  the  state. 

Chickering,  J.  W.  "Catalogue  of  Phaenogamous  and  Vascular 
Cryptogamous  plants  collected  during  the  summer  of  1873  and  1874 
in  Dakota  and  Montana  along  the  49th  Parallel  by  Dr.  Elliott  Coues. 
U.  S.  A. :  with  which  are  incorporated  those  collected  in  the  same 
region  at  the  same  time  by  Mr.  George  M.  Dawson."  Bull.  U.  S. 
Geol.  and  Geogr.  Sur-v.  4:  801-830.  Washington,  1878.  A  list  of 
species  by  orders  with  localities  and  dates. 

Cooper,  J.  G.  "The  sylva  of  Montana."  Am.  Nat.  3:  405-422. 
1870.  An  enumeration  of  the  trees  of  the  state  with  their  distribu- 
tion through  the  two  biological  regions. 

Coulter,  J.  M.  and  others.  "A  catalogue  of  plants  collected  in 
1872  in  portions  of  Montana,  Idaho,  Wyoming  and  Utah."  Hryden 
Surv.  1872:  747-792.  (Ann.  Rep.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr.  6:747-792). 
Washington,  1873.  Contains  a  general  description  of  the  botany  of 
this  region  with  an  ordinal  enumeration  of  the  species  and  localities, 
those  of  Montana  being  from  the  region  adjacent  to  the  Park. 

Coulter,  J.  M.  "Manual  of  the  botany  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  Re- 
gion." New  York  and  Chicago.  1885.  This  is  still  the  only  man- 
ual available  for  the  systematic  study  of  the  flora  of  the  state. 

Coulter,  J.  M.  and  E.  M.  Fisher.  "New  and  Noteworthy  North 
American  Plants."  Bot.  Gaz.  18:  299-303.  1893.  Several  new 
Montana  species  described. 

Douglas,  David.  "A  sketch  of  a  journey  to  the  northwestern  parts 
of  the  continent  of  North  America,  during  the  years  1824,  5,  6,  &  7.'" 


A   CENTURY   OF  BOTANICAL  EXPLORATION   IN   MONTANA.         19 

Hooker's  Comp.  to  Bot.  Mag.  2:  82-177.     London,  1836.     Contains 
many  botanical  notes,  particularly  relating  to  economic  botany. 

Eaton,  D.  C.  "An  undescribed  Heuchcra  from  Montana."  Bot. 
Gaz.  15:  62.  1890.  Describes  H.  Williamsii,  Eaton. 

Ellis,  J.  B.  and  B.  T.  Galloway.  "New  western  fungi.''  Jour. 
Mycol.  5:  65-68.  1889.  Describes  12  new^  species  from  Montana 
and  one  is  given  in  the  paper  following. 

Ellis,  J.  B.  and  B.  M.  Everhart.  "Notes  on  a  species  of  Coprinus 
from  Montana."  The  Microscope,  10:  129-131.  Trenton,  N.  J.,  1890. 
1  )cscription  of  C.  sclerotigenus,  E.  &  E. 

Ellis,  J.  B.  and  F.  W.  Anderson.  "New  species  of  Montana  Fungi." 
Bot.  (lax.  16:  45-49,  85-86.  1891.  Describes  12  new  species. 

Elrod,  M.  J.  "A  biological  reconnoissance  at  Flathead  Lake." 
lUiU.  University  Mont.  10:  1-182.  Missoula,  M"nt.,  1902.  Pp.  126- 
129  and  147-149  are  devoted  to  the  botany  of  the  region. 

Engelmann,  George.  "Plants  collected  during  the  exploration  of 
the  Upper  Missouri  by  F.  V.  Hayden  in  1853."  Trans.  Am.  Phi). 
Soc.  12  (n  s.)  :  182-212.  Phila.  1862.  An%  annotated  list  of  species, 
partly  from  Montana.  Mainly  a  reprint  from  a  similar  paper  by 
Hayden  in  Rep.  Sec.  War.  for  1858,  2:  726-747. 

Everhart,  B.  M.     See  J.  B.  Ellis. 
Fisher,  E.  M.     See  J.  M. Coulter. 

Freyn,  J.  "Ranunculaceae  aus  clem  westlichen  Nordamerika,  ge- 
sammelt  in  Auftrage  Dr.  Dieck's-Zoschen."  Deutsche  Bot.  Monats. 
8:  73-79.  176-182.  Review  in  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  18:  98,  99.  1891. 
A  number  of  the  species  mentioned  are  from  Montana. 

Galloway,  B.  T.       See  J.  B.  Ellis. 

Geyer,  Chas.  A.  "Notes  on  the  vegetation  and  general  character 
of  the  Missouri  and  Oregon  territories,  made  during  a  botanical 
lourney  from  the  state  of  Missouri,  across  the  South  Pass  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains  to  the  Pacific  during  the  years  1843  an<^  l844- 
London  Jour.  Bot.  4:  479-492,  653-662,  (1845);  5:  22-41,  198-208, 
285-310,  509-524  (1846).  See  W.  J.  Hooker. 


20  MONTANA  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  SCIENCE  STUDIES. 

Gray,  Asa.  "Catalogue  of  the  plants  collected  east  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains."  Pacif.  Surv.  12,  Ft.  2:  40-49.  Washington,  1860.  An  anno- 
tated list  of  species,  partly  from  Montana. 

Griffiths,  David.  "Some  northwestern  Erysiphaceae".  Bull.  Torr. 
Bot.  Club,  29:  190-301.  1902.  Refers  to  a  few  Montana  species. 

Harris,  W  P.  &  C.  W.  "Lichens  and  Mosses  of  Montana."  Bull. 
Univ.  Mont.  19:  308-330.  1904.  An  enumeration  of  67  species  of 
Lichens  and  37  species  of  Mosses  with  7  plates. 

Harvey,  P.  F.  "Climate  and  diseases  of  northern  Dakota  and 
Montana."  Published  originally  in  the  Medical  Record,'  the  notes 
pertaining  to  the  botany  of  the  region  are  republished  in  Bot.  Gaz. 
4:  171,  172.  1879.  Notes  m  the  main  are  unimportant  from  the  botan- 
ical standpoint. 

Havard,  V.  "Botanical  outlines  of  the  country  marched  over  by 
the  Seventh  United  States  Cavalry  during  the  summer  of  1877."' 
Ann.  Rep.  Chief  of  Engineers,  U.  S.  A.,  App.  QQ.  1878:  1681-1687. 

Havard,  V.  "List  of  the  plants  found  on  the  plains  of  western 
Dakota  and  eastern  Montana  during  the  summer  of  1877  and  spring 
of  1879."  Ann-  ReP-  Chief  of  Engineers,  U.  S.  A.,  App.  SS.  1880: 
1-20.  Washington,  1880.  Gives  a  general  description  of  the  region 
and  a  list  of  the  species  collected. 

Hayden,  F.  V.  "Plants  collected  during  the  exploration  of  the 
L'pper  Missouri  by  F.  V.  Hayden".  Rep.  Sec.  War  for  1858.  2: 
726-747.  An  annotated  list  of  species,  partly  from  Montana,  de- 
termined by  Engelmann  (Trans.  Amer.  Phil.  Soc.  12:  182-212. 
1862). 

Holzinger,  J.  M.  "A  new  Hypnum  from  Montana."  Bryologist, 
4:  12.  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  1901. 

Hooker,  W.  J.  "Catalogue  of  Mr.  Geyer's  collection  of  plants 
gathered  in  the  Upper  Missouri,  the  Oregon  Territory,  and  the  in- 
tervening portion  of  the  Rocky  Mountains."  London  Jour.  Bot.  6: 
65-79,  206-256  (1847);  Hooker's  Jour.  Bot.  3:  287-300  (1851);  5: 
257-265  (1853)  J  7:  371-378  (1855)  ;  8:  16-19  (1856).  A  list  of  the 
species  collected  with  notes;  many  new  species  described. 


A  CENTURY  OF  BOTANICAL  EXPLORATION  IN  MONTANA.         21 

Kelsey,  F.  D.  "Study  of  Montana  Erysipheae."  Bot.  Gaz.  14: 
285-288.  1889.  Notes  on  nine  species,  one  new. 

Kelsey,  F.  D.  "Notes  on  the  Fungi  of  Helena,  Montana."  Jour 
My  col.  5 :  80-82.  1889.  A  list  of  74  parasitic  species  with  their  hosts. 

Kelsey,  F.  D.    "F.  W.  Anderson,  Sc.  D."  Bot.  Gaz.  17:  78-81.  1892. 
Kelsey,  F.  D.     See  F.  W.  Anderson. 

Leiberg,  John  B.  "Notes  on  the  flora  of  W.  Dakota  and  E.  Montana 
adjacent  to  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad."  Bot.  Gaz.  9:  103-107; 
126-129.  1884.  An  article  descriptive  of  the  country  and  climate 
with  many  botanical  notes  of  interest. 

Leiberg,  John  B.  "Bitterroot  Forest  Reserve".  I9th  Ann.  Rep. 
U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  5:  253-282.  Washington,  1899.  Treatment  mainly 
economic  and  statistical,  but  contains  much  botanical  information. 

Lyall,  David.  "Account  of  the  botanical  collections  made  by 
David  Lyall,  Surgeon  and  Naturalist  to  the  North  American  Bound- 
ary Commission".  Jour.  Linnaean  Soc.  7:  124-144.  London,  1863. 
Divides  the  region  into  "districts"  arid  devotes  considerable  space  to 
forestry. 

Meehan,  Thos.  "The  plants  of  the  Lewis  and  Clark  Expedition 
across  the  continent,  1804-1806".  Proc.  Acad.  Sci.  Phila.  Jan.  1898: 
12-49.  A  description  of  the  original  Lewis  and  Clark  collection, 
determined  by  Robinson  and  Greenman,  with  the  original  labels 
and  Pursh's  treatment. 

Maximilian,  Alexander  Philipp,  Prince  of  Neuweid.  "Reise  in 
das  innere  Nord  Amerika  in  dem  Jahren  1832-34."  Coblenz,  1841. 
The  botany  by  Dr.  Nees  von  Esenbeck  in  the  appendix  contains 
many  Montana  species. 

Mitten,  Wm.  "The  Bryologia  of  the  Survey  of  the  49th  Parallel 
of  Latitude".  Jour  Linnaean  Soc.  8:  13-55.  London,  1864.  Discus- 
ses the  mosses  and  hepatics  of  the  Boundary  Survey,  part  of  the 
Lyall  collection  coming  from  near  the  Montana  line;  many  new 
species  described. 

Nees  von  Essenbeck,  C.  G.  "Classification  systematique  cles 
plantes  rapportees  de  ce  voyage  sur  le  Missouri,  disposee  par  M.  le 


22  MONTANA  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  SCIENCE  STUDIES. 

president  Nees  von  Essenbeck  a  Breslau".  Being  Appendix  G  in  the 
French  edition  of  Maxmilian's  "Travels".  Contains  a  general  list 
of  species  with  many  new,  but  few  localites  are  given  and  those  from 
Montana  are  therefore  not  separable. 

Nelson,  Aven.  "The  flora  of  Montana".  Bot.  Gaz.  30:  61-64. 
1900.  A  review  of  Rydberg's  "Flora." 

Newberry,  J.  S.  "Notes  on  the  geology  and  botany  of  the  country 
bordering  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad."  Ann.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci. 
3:  242-270.  1884.  Only  about  a  page  devoted  to  Montana  under 
the  subject  "Forests  of  the  Rocky  Mountains". 

Nuttall,  Thomas.  "A  catalogue  of  new  and  interesting  plants 
collected  in  Upper  Louisiana  and  principally  on  the  river  Missouri. 
Xorth  America."  London,  1813.  Reprint  in  Pittonia,  2:  116-119. 
["Fraser's  Catalogue"]. 

Nuttall,  Thomas.  "A  catalogue  of  a  collection  of  plants  made 
chiefly  in  the  valleys  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  or  Northern  Andes, 
toward  the  sources  of  the  Columbia  river,  by  Mr.  Nathaniel  B. 
AVyeth,  and  described  by  T.  Nuttall.  Jour.  Phila.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
/:  5-60.  1834.  Gives  a  list  of  the  plants  collected  with  extensive 
notes  and  many  new  species,  mainly  from  Montana. 

Parry,  C.  C.  "Botanical  observations  in  western  Wyoming  with 
notices  of  rare  plants  and  descriptions  of  new  species  collected  on 
the  route  of  the  Northwestern  Wyoming  Expedition  under  Capt.- 
W.  A.  Jones."  Am.  Nat.  8:  9,  102,  175,  211,  and  a  reprint  Salem, 
Mass.  1874.  25pp.  Contains  somewhat  of  the  botany  of  this  state 
adjacent  to  the  Park. 

Porter,  T.  C.  "List  of  the  plants  collected  by  Mr.  T.  A.  Culbert- 
son  on  an  expedition  to  the  Mauvaises  Terres  and  Upper  Missouri 
in  1850."  Ann.  Rep.  Smithsonian  Inst.  5:  133-136.  Washington, 
1850.  A  list  of  species  with  localities  and  dates,  a  few  being  from 
Montana. 

Porter,  T.  C.  "Catalogue  of  plants  collected  during  the  expedi- 
tion to  the  headwaters  of  the  Yellowstone  river  in  1871."  HaydcMi 
Surv.  1871  :  477-498.  Washington,  1872.  An  ordinal  catalogue  of 
species,  many  from  Montana.. 


A  CENTURY  OF  BOTANICAL   EXPLORATION   IN   MONTANA.         23 

Pursh,  Frederick.  "Flora  Americae  Septentrionalis."  London, 
1814.  Describes  the  plants  collected  by  the  Lewis  and  Clark  Expe- 
dition, some  33  species  being  from  Montana  and  a;,o;u't  two-thirds 
of  these  l^ung  new.  Noteworthy  as  being  the  first  species  des- 
cribed from  the  present  state  of  Montana.  See  also  Thos.  Meehan. 

Rose,  J.  N.  "Notes  on  some  western  plants."  Bot.  Gaz.  15: 
(•3-66.  1890.  Devoted  largely  to  the  Montana  species  of  Tweedy, 
several  new  species  being  described. 

Rydberg,  P.  A.  "Rarities  from  Montana."  Bull.  Torr.  Bot, 
Club,  24:  188-192;  243-253;  292-299.  1897.  Contains  many  new 
species. 

• 

Rydberg,  P.  A.  "Caespitose  willows  of  Arctic  America  and  the 
Rocky  Mountains".  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Card.  1 :  257-278.  1899. 
Discusses  a  number  from  Montana. 

Rydberg,P.  A.  "Phytogeography  of  Montana"  (abstract).  Bull, 
Torr.  Bot.  Club,  27:  292-294.  1900.  A  brief  synopsis  of  thexsubject, 

Rydberg,  P.  A.  "Catalogue  of  the  flora  of  Montana  and  the  Yel- 
lowstone National  Park."  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Card,  i :  1-492.  1900. 
Contains  an  annotated  list  of  all  the  species  known  to  the  state  with 
descriptions  of  the  species  not  found  in  Coulter's  "Manual."  A 
large  number  of  new  species  described. 

Rydberg,  P.  A.  "Studies  on  the  Rocky  Mountain  flora."  Bull, 
Torr.  Bot.  Club,  27:  169-189;  528-538 ;  "614-636  (1900);  28;  20-38; 
266-284;  499~5I3  (I9°l)  5  29:  145-160;  232-246;  680-693  (1902); 
30:  247-262  (1903);  31:  299-410;  631-655  (1904).  Mentions  many 
new  species  from  Montana. 

Rydberg,  P.  A.  and  C.  L.  Shear.  "A  report  upon  the  grasses  and 
forage  plants  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  region."  Bull.  U.  S  Dept, 
Agr.,  Div.  Bot.  5:  1-48.  Washington,  1897.  Contains  many  notes 
on  the  grasses  of  Montana. 

Sargent,  C.  S.  "Report  on  the  forests  of  North  America."  loth 
Census,  9:  564-566.  Washington,  1864.  Includes  an  important 
paper  on  the  forestry  of  the  state,  written  mainly  by  Watson. 

Scribner,   F.   Lamson.     "Notes  on   the   Grasses   of   Montana"   in 


24  MONTANA  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  SCIENCE  STUDIES. 

Vasey's     "Agricultural   grasses   of  the   United   States",     pp.    7-10 
Washington,   1884. 

Scribner,  F.  Lamson.  "Agricultural  grasses  of  Central  Montana." 
Proc.  Soc.  Prom.  Agr.  Sci.  4  &  5:  47-56.  Newburg,  N.  Y.,  1885. 
Also  a  reprint  of  the  most  important  part  of  the  paper  in  Beal's 
"Grasses  of  North  America",  i:  87-93.  Lansing  (Mich.),  1887.  A 
valuable  paper  on  the  grasses  of  the  state. 

Seymour,  A.  B.  "List  of  Fungi  collected  in  1884  along  the  North- 
ern Pacific  Railroad."  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  24:  182-191. 
1889.  Many  of  the  species  mentioned  from  Montana. 

Shear,  C.  L.       See  P.  A.  Rydberg. 

Spragg,  F.  A.  "Forage  conditions  of  Central  Montana."  Bull. 
Mont.  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.  36:  1-40.  1902.  A  list  of  the  species  found  in 
that  section  of  the  state  with  extensive  notes  and  their  grouping 
into  plant-formations. 

Stuart,  Granville.  "Montana  as  it  is."  175  pp.  New  York,  1865. 
Contains  a  large  amount  of  valuable  notes  on  the  plants  utilized  by 

the  Indians. 

« 

Tweedy,  Frank.  "Flora  of  the  Yellowstone  National  Park."  78 
pp.  Washington,  1886.  Includes  a  two-mile  strip  of  Montana 
along  the  north  and  west  boundary  of  the  Park.  An  annotated  list 
of  species  with  a  description  of  the  region. 

Vasey,  George.    See  F.  W.  Anderson  and  F.  L.  Scribner. 

Warren,  G.  K.  "Preliminary  Report  of  explorations  in  Nebraska 
and  Dakota,  1855-1857."  Washington,  1859.  PP-  I52~I73-  ReP- 
Sec.  War  1858.  2:  726-747.  Reprint,  Washington,  1875:  107-125. 
See  F.  V.  Hayden. 

Watson,  Sereno.  "Report  on  the  forests  of  Montana."  loth 
Census,  9:  564-566.  Washington,  1884.  See  C.  S.  Sargent. 

Wilcox,  E.  V.  "Larkspur  poisoning  of  sheep."  Bull.  Mont. 
Agr.  Exp.  Sta.  15:  35-51.  1897. 

Wilcox,  E.  V.     "List  of  plants  of  known  or  suspected  poisonous 


A  CENTURY  OF  BOTANICAL  EXPLORATION  IN   MONTANA.         25 

properties  which  occur  within  the  state"  and  other  papers.       Bull. 
Mont.  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.  22:  15-56.  1899. 

Wilcox,  E.  V.    See  V.  K.  Chesnut. 

Williams,  R.  S.  "The  flora  of  a  Montana  pond."  Bull.  Torr.  Bot 
Club,  19:  192-194. 

Williams,  R.  S.  "Two  new  species  of  'Grimmia  from  Montana." 
Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  27:  316-317.  1900.  Describes  G.  Brittoniae 
and  G.  tcnuicaulis  with  plates. 

Williams,  R.  S.  "Preliminary  list  of  Montana  mosses."  Bull  X.  Y. 
Bot.  Card.  2:  351-380.  1902.  A  list  of  the  species  found  in  the 
state  with  localities  and  extensive  notes,  describing  three  new 
species. 

Williams,  T.  A.  "A  report  on  the  grasses  and  forage  conditions 
of  the  Eastern  Rocky  Mountain  region."  Bull.  U.  S.  Dept  Agr., 
Div.  Agros.  12:  1-78.  Washington,  1898.  Includes  Eastern  Montana. 

Wyeth,  N.  J.    See  T.  Nuttall. 


ADDENDUM. 

V.  K.  Chesnut,  Professor  of  Chemistry  and  Geology  in  Montana 
Agricultural  College,  did  some  collecting  for  the  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agr. 
during  the  summers  of  1900-1904.  His  collections  are  in  National 
Herbarium  at  Washington  with  diplicates  at  the  N.  Y.  Bot.  Card. 


26  MONTANA  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  SCIENCE  STUDIES. 

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  ABREVIATIONS  OF  THE  PRINCIPAL 
WORKS  CITED  IN  THIS  AND  THE  NEXT  NUMBER. 

Agardh  Syn. — Agardh,  J.  G.,  Synopsis  Generis  Lupini,  Lundae,  1835. 
Am.  Jour.  Sci. — American  Journal  of  Science  and  Arts,  New  Haven, 

Conn.,  1818 — . 

Am.  Nat. — The  American  Naturalist,  Salem  &  Boston,  Mass.,  1867 — . 
Ann.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci. — Annals  of  the  New  York  Academy  of  Science, 

New  York,  1876—. 

An.  Rep.  Chief  Eng. — Annual  Report  of  the  Chief  of  Engineers,  U. 
S.  Army,  Washington,  D.  C. 

An.  Rep.  Mont.  Farm  Inst. — Annual  Report  of  the  Montana  Farm- 
ers' Institutes,  Helena,  Mont.,  1902 — . 

An.  Rep.  Smith.  Inst. — Annual  Report  of  the  Smithsonian  Institu* 
tion,  Washington,  D.  C. 

An.  Rep.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv. — Annual  Report  of  the  United  States 
Geological  Survey,  Washington,  D.  C. 

An.  Sess.  N.  W.  Woolgrowers'  Assoc. — Annual  Session  of  the 
Northwestern  WToolgrowers'  Association,  (5th,  Helena,  Mont., 
1902). 

Bib.  Ind. — Watson,  S. :  Bibliographical  Index  to  North  American 
Botany,  Washington,  D.  C.,  1878. 

Bot.  Gaz. — The  Botanical  Gazette,  Crawfordsville,  Ind.,  and  Chi- 
cago, 1875—. 

Bot.  Reg. — Edward's  Botanical  Register,  London,  1815-47. 

Bot.  Calif. — Brewer  &  Watson,  Botany  of  California,  2  vols.  Cam- 
bridge. Mass..  1876-1880. 

Bot.  Wilkes'  Exp. — United  States  Exploring  Expedition  un- 
der Charles  Wilkes,  vol.  17,  Botany,  Philadelphia,  1862-1874. 

Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist. — See  "Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist." 

Bryologist,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 

Bull.  Div.  Agros. — Bulletin  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Divi- 
vision  of  Agrostology,  Washington,  D.  C.,  1895 — . 

Bull.  Div.  Bot. — Bulletin  LT.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Division 
of  Botany,  Washington,  D.  C.,  1886-1901. 


A  CENTURY  OF  BOTANICAL   EXPLORATION   IN   MONTANA.         27 

Bull.  Mont.  Agr.  Exp.  Sta. — Bulletin  of  the  Montana  Agricultural 
Experiment  Station,  Bozeman,  Mont.,  1894 — . 

Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot  Gard.— Bulletin  of  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden, 
New  York,  1894 — . 

Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club.— Bulletin  of  the  Torrey  Botanical  Club,  New 
York,  1876—. 

Bull.  Univ.  Mont. — Bulletin  University  of  Montana,  Missoula,  Mon- 
tana, 1894 — . 

Bull.  U.'S.  Geol.  &  Geog.  Surv.— Bulletin  of  the  U.  S.  Geological 
and  Geographical  Survey  of  the  Territories,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Calif.  Acad.  Sci. — California  Academy  of  Sciences,  Proceedings. 
San  Francisco,  Calif.,  1854 — . 

Comp.  Bot.  Mag. — Hooker's  Companion  to  the  Botanical  Magazine, 
London,  1835-36. 

Cont.  Nat.  Herb. — Contributions  from  the  U.  S.  National  Herbari- 
um, Washington,  D.  C.,  1890 — . 

Deutsch.  Bot.  'Monats. — Deutsche  Botanische  Monatschrift,  Arn- 
stadt,  Germany,  1883 — . 

Erythea,  A  Journal  of  Botany,  Berkeley,  Calif.,  1893-1900. 

Flora — Rydberg,  P.  A.,  Catalogue  of  the  Flora  of  MontanA  and  the 
Yellowstone  National  Park.  Memoirs  of  the  New  York  Botanical 
Garden,  Vol.  I,  New  York,  1900. 

Fl.  Am.  Sept. — Pursh,  Frederick:  Flora  Americae  Septenlrionalis, 
2  vols.,  London,  1814. 

Fl.  Bor.  Am. — Hooker,  W.  J. :  Flora  Boreali-Americana.  2.  vols, 
London,  1833-40. 

Fl.  N.  Am. — Torrey  &  Gray :  A  Flora  of  North  America,  2  vols., 
New  York,  1838-43. 

Fl.  N.  W.  Am. — Howell,  Thos. :  Flora  of  Northwest  America,  Port- 
land, Oregon,  1903. 

Grasses,  N.  Am. — Beal,  W.  J. :  Grasses  of  North  America.  (Vol.  2} 
New  York,  1896. 

Hayden  Surv. — Hayden,  F.  V.:  Annual  Report  of  the  United  States 
Geological  and  Geographical  Survey  of  the  Territories,  Washing- 
ton, D.  C.,  1868—. 


MONTANA  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  SCIENCE  STUDIES. 

111.  Fl. — Britton  &  Brown :  An  Illustrated  Flora  of  the  Northern 
U.  S.,  Canada  and  the*  British  Possessions.  3  vols.  New  York, 
1896-98. 

Jour.  Bot. — Hooker's  Journal  of  Botany,  London,   1869. 

Jour.  Linn.  Soc. — Journal  of  the  Linnaean  Society,  London,  1857 — . 

Jour.  Mycol. — The  Journal  of  Mycology,  Manhattan,  Kans.,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.  and  Columbus,  O.,  1885 — . 

Jour.  N.  Y.  Micro.  Soc. — Journal  of  the  New  York  Microscopical 
Society,  New  York,  1885 — . 

Kans.  Acad.  Sci. — Transactions  of  the  Kansas  Academy  of  Science, 
Topeka,  Kan. 

Lewis  &  Clark  Exp. — Coues,  Elliott:  History  of  the  Expedition 
under  the  Command  of  Lewis  &  Clark,  4  vols.,  New  York,  1893. 

Lond.  Jour.  Bot. — London  Journal  of  Botany,  London,  1842-48. 

Man.  R.  M.  Bot. — Coulter,  J.  M. :  Manual  of  the  Rocky  Mountain 
Region,  New  York,  1885. 

Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard. — Memoirs  of  the  New  York  Botanical  Gar- 
den, 1900 — . 

Minn.  Bot.  Stud. — Minnesota  Botanical  Studies,  Geological  and 
Natural  History  Survey  of  Minnesota,  Minneapolis,  Minn.,  1894 — . 

Mon.  Pot. — Rydberg,  P.  A.:  A  Monograph  of  the  North  American 
Potentilleae.  Memoirs  of  the  Department  of  Botany  of  Columbia 
University,  Vol.  2.,  New  York,  1898. 

Pac.  Ry.  Surv. — Reports  of  the  Exploration  and  Surveys  from  the 
Mississippi  River  to  the  Pacific  Ocean.  13  vols.  Washington, 
D.  C.,  1855-1860. 

Pittonia,  A  series  of  Papers  Relating  to  Botany  and  Botanists,  San 
Francisco  and  Washington,  D.  C.,  1887 — . 

Proc.  Am.  Acad. — Proceedings  of  the  American  Academy  of  Arts 
and  Sciences,  Boston,  1846 — . 

Proc.  Acad.  Phila. — Proceedings  of  the  Academy  of  Natural 
Sciences,  Philadelphia,  1843 — • 

Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash. — Proceedings  of  the  Biological  Society  of 
Washington,  Washington,  D.  C.,  1880 — . 

Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist. — Proceedings  of  the  Boston  Society  of 


A  CENTURY  OF  BOTANICAL  EXPLORATION   IN   MONTANA.         29 

Natural  History,  Boston,  Mass.,  1841. 

Proc.  Soc.  Prom.  Agr.  Sci. — Proceeding's  of  the  Society  for  the 
Promotion  of  Agricultural  Science.  4th  and  5th  Meetings,  New 
burg,  N.  Y.,  1885. 

Rep.  Com.  Agr. — Report  of  the  Commissioner  of  Agriculture,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C,  1862-1889. 

Rep.  Mo.  Bot.  Gard. — Report  of  the  Missouri  Botanical  Garden, 
St.  Louis,  Mo.,  1890 — . 

Rep.  Sec.  War. — Report  of  the  Secretary  of  War,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Rhodora,  Boston,  Mass.,  1889 — . 

Sllva — Sargent,   C.   S. :   Silva  of  North  America,   14  vols.,   Boston, 

1891-1902. 
Syn.   Fl. — Gray   and   others :   Synoptical    Flora   of   North   America, 

Washington,  D.  C.,  Cambridge,  Mass.,  and  New  York,  1878 — . 
Syst. — Linnaeus:  Systema  Naturae.  Ed.   12,  3  vols.  Holmae,  1766- 

68. 
ioth  Census — Sargent,  C.   S. :  Report     on     the     Forests  of  North 

America,  2  vols.,  (ioth  Census,  vol.  9).  Washington,  D.  C.  1884. 
Torreya — Lancaster,  Pa.,  1901 — . 
Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Soc. — Transactions  of  the  American  Philosophical 

Society,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  1769 — . 
Trans.  Kans.  Acad.  Sci. — See  "Kans.  Acad.  Sci." 
Trans.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci. — Transactions  of  the  New  York  Academy  of 

Sciences,  New  York,  187$ — . 
Year  Book  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr. — Year  Book  of  the  U.  S.  Department 

of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C.,  1894 — . 


30 


MONTANA  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  SCIENCE  STUDIES. 


INDEX. 


Adams,  Robert 7 

Alderson,    Mrs.    M.   L 12,    13 

Allen,  J.   A 8,    16 

Allen,   G.   N 7 

Anderson,  F.  W 10,  16,  17,  19,  21 

Ayres,    H.    B 14,    17 

Beal,   W.    J 24,    27 

Bessey,   E.   A. 13 

Blankinship,  J.  W 12;  17 

Bradbury,  John 5 

Brandegee,  E.  N 12 

Britton,   Mrs.  E.  G 15 

Canby,  W.  M 9,  10,  17 

Carleton,    M.    A 12,    17 

Chesriut,  V.  K 18,  25 

Chickering,  J.  W -.  .  8,  18 

Christie,  Mrs.  Ida 13 

Cooke,   Amy   M 14 

Cooper,  J.  G 6,  18 

Coulter,  J.  M 8,  12,  18,  19,  23,  28 

Coues,  Elliott 8,  28 

Cowles,  H.  C 15 

Culbertson,  T.  A 6,  22 

Dawson,  G.  M 8,  18 

Dieck,  George -    .  •   11,   1;' 

Douglas,    David 5,    18 

Douglas,  E 16 

Eaton,  D.    C 19 

Ellis,  J.  B 10,  17,  19 

Elrod,    M.    J 15,    19 

Engelmann,  George 7,  19,  20 

Everhart,  B.  M 10 

Fink,  Bruce 15 

Finlay,  Mrs.  G.  R.,    13. 

Fitch,  Mrs.  L.  A.,   13 

Fitzpatrick,  T.  J.,  15 

Fisher,   E.    M.,    18,    19 

Flodman,   J.    H.,    13 

Fraser's  Catalogue,   22 

Freyn,  J 11,  19 

Galloway,   B.   T.,    19 

Geyer,  C.  A.,   6,  19,  20 

Gray,  Asa, 7,  20,  27,  29 

Greenman,  J.  M 21 

Griffiths,  David,   14,  20 

Harris,  Mrs.  Isaac,   .  -. 15 

Harris,  W.  P.  &  C.  W.,    15,  20 


Harvey,  P.  F 20 

Havard,   V 8,   20 

Hayden,  F.  V.,    ..7,   19,  20,  22,  24,   27 

Heller,  A.  A 13 

Henshall.  Mrs.  H.  F'.,   14 

Hilgard,  E.  W., in 

Hodgeman,  Mrs.,    13 

Holzinger.  J.  M 20 

Hooker,  W.  J 6.  19,  21),  27 

Howard,  W.  J 7 

Howell,  Thomas,    27 

Jennings,    H.    S.,    14 

Jones,   B.   J 14 

Jones,   W.   W., 14 

Jones   Expedition,    8,    22 

Kelsey.   F.    D 10,    11,    17,   21 

Kennedy,   Mrs.   I.   M.,    12,   IS 

Koch,  Peter,    12 

Lange,  E.  F 14 

Lehman,  Arthur,    16 

Leiberg,   J.   B 10,   21 

Lewis,  Meriwether,   5,  21,  23 

Light,  Mrs.  J.  E 13 

Lyall,    David 7,    21 

McDougal,  D.  T 13 

AicXulty,   Mrs.,    13 

Maximilian,  A.  P.,   5,  21 

Meehan,  Thomas,   5,  21,  23 

Mitten,  Wm 21 

Moore,   E.   J.   S.,    14 

Mcore,    Mrs.    Jennie,    13 

Mullan  Expedition,    7,   8 

Aluth,   Mrs.   E.,    .  .  .  .' IS 

Noes  von  Essenbeck,  C.  G.,  ....   5,  21 

Nelson,  Aven 14,  22 

Nelson,    Elias,    14 

Newberry,  J.  S., 10,  22 

Notestein,  F.  N.,    12 

Nuttall,  Thomas,   5,  6,  22,  25 

Parry,  C.  C., 8,  22 

Pearsall,   John,    7 

Porter,  T.  C 6,  8,  22 

Pursh,  Frederick,   5,  21,  23,  27 

Robinson,   B.   L.,    21 

Rose,   J.   N.,    23 

Rydberg,  P.  A.,  13,  14,  22,  23,  24,  27,  28 
Sandberg,  J.   H.,    13 


A  CENTURY  OF  BOTANICAL  EXPLORATION  IN  MONTANA. 


31 


Sargent.  C.  S 9,  23,  24,  29 

Scheuber,  Mrs.  E.  W.,  11,  13 

Scribner,  F.  L., c 10,  23,  24 

Seymour.  A.  B., ! 11,  24 

Shaw.  W.  T.,  11 

Shear.   C.   L.,    13,   23,   24 

Smith.    Millie    M.,    16 

Spragg,  F.  A., 15,  24 

Springer,  R.  W.,    16 

Stuart.  Granville,  24 

Suckley,    George 7 

Swallow,    16 

Traphagen,   F.    W.,    11,   12 


Tweedy,  Frank,    9,  24 

Umbach,  L.  M., 15 

Vasey,  George,  8,  24 

Vogel,  Jacob,  14 

Ware,     Emma     J.,     see     Mrs.     E.     W 
Scheuber. 

Warren,  G.  K.,' 7,  24 

Watson,  Sereno 9,  23,  24,  26 

Whitford,  H.  N.,    15 

Wilcox,  E.  V 14,  18,  24,  25 

Williams,  R.  S .. .  _ 9,  25 

Williams,  T.  A., 14,  25 

Wyeth,  N.  J., 5,  6,  22,  25 


VOL.  i.  FEBRUARY,  1905.  NO.  2. 

* 

MONTANA      AGRICULTURAL     COLLEGE 
SCIENCE    STUDIES. 


BOTANY. 


SUPPLEMENT  TO  THE   FLORA  OF  MONTANA: 
ADDITIONS  AND  CORRECTIONS. 

BY  j.  w.  BLANKINSHIP,  PH.  D., 


PLATES  I-VI. 


BOZEMAN,     MONTANA. 
PUBLISHED   QUARTERLY   BY  THE   COLLEGE. 


NEW  SPECIES  AND  VARIETIES  DESCRIBED. 


Ammannia  alealina,  page  87. 
Arabis  Kochii,  p.  57. 
Arenaria  lateriflora  tenuioaulis,  p.  51 
Astragalus  adsurgens  albifolius,  p.  71 
Astragalus  adsurgens  pauperculus,p.72. 
Astragalus  amphidoxus,  p.  72. 
Astragalus  divergens,  p.  73. 
Bupleurum  purpureum,  p.  89. 
Carum  montanum,  p.  91. 
Draba  oligosperma  microcarpa,  p.  59. 
Eriogonum  ovalifolium  depressum,  p.  49 
Impatiens   ecalcarata,  p.   84. 
Limim  rigidum  tenerrimum,  p.  85. 
Lupinus  aphronorus,  p.  76. 


Lupinus  axillaris,  p.  76. 
Lupinus   Jonesii,    p.    79. 
Lupinus  Rydbergii.  p.  78. 
Petasites   dentata.   p.   102. 
Physaria  macrantha.  p.  60. 
Ranunculus  Flammula  varians,  p.  56. 
Ribes  camporum,  p.  63. 
Sagittaria  arifolia  tenuor,  p.  40. 
Sagittaria  paniculata,  p.  40. 
Salix  Fernaldii,  p.  46. 
Saxifraga  Greenei,  p.  65. 
Sedum  subalpinum,  p.  61. 
Viola  praemorsa  altior,  p.  83. 
Zygadenus  alpinus,  p.  44. 


PLATES. 


I.  Saxifraga  Greenei,  Blankinship;   p.  67. 
Impatiens  ecalcarata,  Blankinship;   p.  67. 

II.  Astragalus     divergens     Blankinship;   p.  75. 

III.  Bupleurum  purpureum,  Blankinship;   p.  90. 
TV.  Carum  montanum,  Blankinship;   p.  92. 

V.  Crepis  nana,  Richardson;   p.  105. 

VI.  Sagittaria  paniculata,    Blankinship;  p.  106. 


AVANT     COURIER     PRINT. 


MONTANA    AGRICULTURAL    COLLEGE    SCIENCE    STUDIES. 

Vol.  1,  No.  2.  BOTANY.    Plates  I-VI.  Issued  April  25,  1905. 

Application  has  been  made  for  entrance  as  2d  class  matter  at  Bozeman,  Mont,  postoffice. 


SUPPLEMENT  TO  THE  FLORA  OF  MONTANA: 

ADDITIONS  AND  CORRECTIONS. 

BY  J.  W.  BLANKINSHIP. 

jt 

PREFACE. 

The  botanist  in  the  American  agricultural  college  must  treat  his 
subject,  both  in  his  teaching  and  in  his  scientific  research,  from  two 
standpoints,  that  of  pure  science  and  that  of  its  economic  application, 
<<:id  no  successful  achievement  can  be  hoped  for  in  the  latter  without  a 
foundation  in  the  larger  data  and  wider  knowledge  of  a  more  extensive 
study  of  the  subject  in  its  general  phases.  The  basis  of  any  accurate 
v.-ork  in  pure  or  applied  botany  is  a  good  herbarium  and  technical  li- 
brary as  well  as  a  general  knowledge  of  the  physical,  agricultural  and 
biological  features  of  the  region  considered,  and  these  collections 
and  library  are  the  more  necessary  at  a  point  remote  from  other 
scientific  institutions.  Hence  special  effort  has  been  made  by  the 
Montana  Agricultural  College  to  build  up  a  good  herbarium  of  both 
the  Phanerogams  and  Cryptogams  of  the  state  and  to  secure  a  good 
botanical  library  for  their  more  accurate  study,  while  the  greater 
part  of  our  collections  have  either  been  named  by  specialists  or  taken 
to  the  Gray  Herbarium  or  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden  for  iden- 
tification. 

Based  largely  upon  these  collections,  Rydberg  issued  his  "Cata- 
logue of  the  Flora  of  Montana  and  the  Yellowstone  National  Park" 
( 1900),  the  only  complete  enumeration  of  our  species  ever  attempted, 
but  since  its  publication  many  new  species  have  been  described  from 
this  state,  while  the  extensive  collections  brought  together  in  the  her- 
barium of  the  Montana  Agricultural  College,  including  in  part  at 
l?ast  nearly  every  private  collection  recently  made  in  the  state, 
afford  many  times  the  number  of  specimens  heretofore  available  for 
the  study  of  the  flora  of  this  region,  thus  enabling  a  number  of  errors, 
due  to  paucity  of  "material,  to  be  corrected,  and  extending  by  several 
hundred  the  number  of  species  indigenous  to  the  flora  of  the  state 
or  recently  introduced  within  its  bounds. 

In  the  present  list,  with  a  few  exceptions,  no  attempt  has  been 


36  MONTANA  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  SCIENCE  STUDIES. 

made  to  pass  upon  the  validity  of  the  various  new  species  recently- 
described  from  this  state,  as  the  idea  of  the  limitation  of  species  must 
and  ever  will  remain,  in  large  part,  a  matter  of  individual  judgment, 
dependent  upon  the  data  at  hand,  the  experience  of  the  botanist,  and 
the  relative  closeness  with  which  he  desires  to  draw  specific  lines  in 
the  case  of  the  many  intergrading  species  or  the  larger  polymorphic 
forms.  The  recent  tendency  toward  the  more  critical  study  of 
species  and  their  consequent  segregation  should  be  encouraged,  as 
the  basis  for  a  better  knowledge  of  our  flora ;  the  more  critical  recon- 
struction of  species,  based  upon  a  wider  knowledge  of  specific  varia- 
tion and  the  physical  and  biological  factors  of  isolation  tending  to 
differentiate  them  in  their  respective  habitats,  must  be  left  mainly 
to  the  botanist  of  the  future,  working  with  larger  collections  and  aid- 
ed by  the  accumulated  knowledge  of  the  present  explorers.  Yet, 
there  are  certain  causes  of  error  in  this  recent  tendency  toward  sep- 
aration that  may  easily  be  avoided  and  the  most  important  of  these 
is  the  failure  to  recognize  the  confluence  of  related  species.  Forms 
intermediate  in  character  between  two  other  well  marked  species, 
are  probably  mere  intergrades  or  hybrids  between  these  species,, 
particularly,  if  these  forms  be  few  and  occur  only  at  points  of  contact 
between  them  and  such  forms  are  neither  species  nor  vari- 
eties, as  frequently  described.  Then,  single  aberrant  specimens 
confined  to  one  or  few  localities  in  a  well-explored  flora,  can  hardly 
be  more  than  evanescent  sports,  soon  to  be  swamp- 
ed by  cross  breeding,  unless  such  variation  affect  the  organs 
of  reproduction,  or  give  it  peculiar  strength  to  resist  untoward  in- 
fluences;  a  "mutation"  form,  according  to  De  Vries. 

On  the  other  hand,  we  may  be  greatly  aided  in  our  judgment 
of  a  species  by  rembering  that,  aside  from  their  difference  of  char- 
acter, upon  which  the  botanist  usually  basis  his  judgment,  there  will 
also  be  found  some  factor  of  isolation  tending  to  prevent  the  free 
intercrossing  of  the  two  species,  for  sexual  sterility  between  closely 
related  species  appears  to  be  far  more  rare  than  commonly  supposed. 
This  factor  of  isolation  may  be  difference  in  range,  or  altitudinal  dis- 
tribution, due  to  climatic  or  geographical  barriers;  difference  in  hab- 
itat, due  to  adaption  to  different  physical  and  chemical  conditions  of 
growth  ;  or  it  may  be  adaption  to  different  methods  of  fertilization, 
to  different  times  of  blooming  or  to  some  peculiar  habit  of  growth. 
Cross-sterility  doubtless  does  exist  in  many  cases,  but  can  not  be  re- 
lied upon  at  all  in  botany  as  a  criterion  of  species:  it  is  indicated  by 
ah  absence  of  these  intergrading  forms  or  hybrids  anc),  usually,  by 


SUPPLEMENT  TO  THE  FLORA  OF  MONTANA.  37 

marked  difference  of  character  between  the  species.  This  taxono- 
mic-ecological  branch  of  botanical  science  is  destined  to  yield  much 
of  interest  in  the  future  and  prove  of  the  greatest  aid  in  systematic 
discrimination,  when  this  critical  reconstruction  of  species  becomes 
of  more  inportance. 

This  is  the  more  necessary,  because  by  far  the  greater  number 
of  species  have  been  described  from  a  few  fragmentary  specimens, 
called  the  "type,"  which  may  perchance  occur  anywhere  in  the  wide 
gamut  of  the  variation  of  the  species,  owing  to  accident  of  dis- 
covery, and  very  frequently  this  type  and  description  is  thus  far 
removed  from  the  normal  type  of  the  species  represented  by  the  vast 
majority  of  the  individuals  composing  it,  while  the  works  on  system- 
atic botany  continue  to  describe  this  bibliographical  "type"  long 
after  material  has  accumulated  for  more  accurate  description.  The 
tendency  of  recent  authors  to  thus  fix  ^upon  a  type  for  their  species, 
when  material  is  at  hand  from  which  to  draw  a  wider  description, 
is  unfortunate,  unless  they  are  sure  the  type  selected  fairly  repre- 
sents the  normal  of  the  species. 

In  the  present  paper  the  species  I  have  described  as  new  are  suffi- 
ciently distinct  in  character  to  be  readily  recognized  and  there  ap- 
pears to  be  some  factor  of  isolation  tending  to  differentiate  them  from 
the  nearest  related  species,  while  the  intergrading  forms  appear  to  be 
relatively  few,  and  I  have  described  as  varieties  those  forms  less 
distinct  in  character,  not  having  any  marked  factor  of  isolation  and 
\vith  more  numerous  forms  connecting  them  with  the  dominant 
species. 

I  wish  here  to  thank  the  management  of  the  Gray  Herbarium  at 
Cambridge,  Mass,  for  the  facilities  for  comparison  and  bibliographical 
reference  so  kindly  placed  at  my  disposal  in  this  work  and  the  many 
local  botanists  of  Montana,  whose  contributions  have  materially  aid- 
ed in  elucidating  the  many  knotty  questions  of  specific  variation 
and  distribution.  It  is  hoped  that  these  studies  may  render  possible 
the  publication  of  a  practical  manual  of  the  botany  of  the  state  for 
the  use  of  the  high  school  student  and  others  interested  in  our  native 
flora,  as  the  delight  of  the  study  of  our  native  plants  is  greatly  marred 
and  the  labor  vastly  increased  by  the  poor  facilities  for  determination 
13OW  at  hand. 


38  MONTANA  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  SCIENCE  STUDIES. 

ORDINAL    LIST    OF    SPECIES    NEW    OR    WRONGLY    RE- 
FERRED  TO  MONTANA. 


In  the  following  list  the  genera  and  species  are  arranged  alphabet- 
ically tinder  the  orders,  which  follow  the  Engler  and  Prantl  sequence. 
Species  new  to  the  state  are  given  in  full-face  type ;  those  wrongly 
referred  to  Montana  in  Italics.  Species  given  on  the  identification 
cf  some  botanist  other  than  the  author  have  the  name  of  that  author- 
ity in  parentheses  after  the  author  of  the  species.  The  specimens 
cited  under  each  species  are  in  the  herbarium  of  Montana  Agricul- 
tural College,  unless  some  other  is  given,  or  the  localities  are  quoted 
from  publication,  and  are  collections  made  by  the  author,  unless  the 
name  of  some  other  collector  is  given.  Species  introduced  in  Mon- 
tana are  starred  (*).  An  index  to  the  bibliographical  references- 
will  be  found  on  pages  26-29  of  the  preceding  number. 

CONIFERS. 

Abies  amabilis,  Forbes;  Rydberg,  Flora,  12.  I  find  no  evidence 
that  this  species  occurs  in  Montana,  or  in  fact  east  of  the  Cascade 
Mountains  in  Washington  and  Oregon. 

Abies  grandis,  Lindl.  White  Fir;  Silver  Fir.  Frequent  in  the 
forests  west  of  the  Continental  Divide  in  Montana. 

Granite  Canyon,  near  Missoula,  Aug.  5,  1880,  S.  Watson  (Gray 
Herb.)  ;  Columbia  Falls,  Aug.  4,  1892,  R.  S.  Williams.  See  also- 
Sargent,  Sylva,  12:  118;  Ayres,  2ist  Ann.  Rep.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv. 
5 141 ;  2oth  Ann.  Rep.  Geol.  Surv.  5 :  248,  285,  329 ;  Leiberg,  i9th, 
5:  268. 

Juniperus  communis  Canadensis,  Loud.  A  low  upright  or 
spreading  juniper,  6-12  dm.  high  with  longer  (10-15  mm.)  leaves  than 
the  prostrate  alpine  form  (var.  montana,  Ait.).  Apparently  more 
frequent  in  the  mountains  than  the  smaller  variety. 

Bozeman,  June,  1902,  Peter  Koch;  Belton,  July  27,  1900;  Phii- 
ipsburg,  Sept.  30,  1902,  G.  T.  Bramble,  and  many  other  localities. 

Juniperus  occidentalis,  Hook.;  Rydberg,  Flora,  13.  Though  careful 
search  has  been  made  in  nearly  every  part  of  the  state,  there  is  yet 
no  evidence  that  it  is  found  here.  If  it  occurs,  it  will  probably  be 
in  the  mountains  adjacent  to  Idaho  in  the  Bitter  Root  region. 
Common  on  dry  hillsides  in  adjacent  Idaho. 


SUPPLEMENT  TO  THE  FLORA  OF  MONTANA.  3» 

Juniperus  Virginiana,  L.  Red  Cedar.  As  far  as  the  charac- 
ters serve  to  distinguish,  the  eastern  /.  Virginiana  seems  to  be 
fairly  common  in  the  mountainous  parts  of  the  state  in  the  damper 
situations,  as  well  as  on  the  dry  exposed  rocks.  It  has  the  spire- 
shaped  habit,  annually  maturing  fruit  and  slender,  elongated  branch- 
lets  of  that  species,  while  the  darker,  blue-green,  often  glaucus 
color  of  its  foliage  distinguishes  it  at  sight  from  the  widely  spread- 
ing habit  and  yellow-green  foliage  of  the  species  common  on  the 
dry  plains  (/.  scopulorum,  Sargent).  The  fruit  of  the  first  is  prevail- 
ingly ellipsoid,  that  of  the  second  usually  somewhat  bilobed  by  the 
enclosed  divergent  seeds.  Apparently  intergrading  forms  occur. 
Bozeman,  Oct.  8,  1900,  E.  J.  S.  Moore;  Leonia,  Sept.  14,  1900; 
Kalispell,  Sept.  9,  1899;  Homestake,  June  22,  1902. 

Larix  Lyallii,  Parl.  Mountain  Larch.  Two  small  areas  near 
the  head  of  the  South  Fork  of  the  Flathead  River  and  along  the 
higher  peaks  of  the  Bitter  Root  Mountains.  2ist  Ann.  Rep.  U. 
S.  Geol.  Surv.  5:  41;  2Oth  Ann.  Rep.  5:248,  249,  335;  336  (Ayres). 

Picea  alba,  Link. ;  P.  Canadensis,  B.  S.  P.  Common  in  the 
forests  west  of  the  Divide.  Called  here  "White  Spruce". 

Essex,  Aug.  21,   1896,  R.   S.  Williams,   1085;   Kalispell,  Sept.  9, 
1899;  Belton,  Aug.  19,  1902;  St.  Ignatius,  Sept.  7,  1899. 

Finns  contorta,  Dougl. ;  Rydberg,  Flora,  10.  There  is  no  evi- 
dence that  the  true  P. 'contorta  occurs  in  Montana  and  it  is  doubtful, 
if  the  typical  form  is  found  east  of  the  Cascade  Mountains. 

Tsuga  heterophylla,  Sargent;       T.  Mertensiana,  Carriere.  Com- 
mon in  the  forests  west  of  the  Divide.       Called  here  "Hemlock". 
Columbia  Falls,  Oct.  27,  1894,  R.  S.  Williams;  MacDonald  Lake, 
Aug.    31,    1892,    R.    S.    Williams;    Belton,   Aug.      19,    1902;    White 
Pine,  Sept.  8,   1904. 

Tsuga  Mertensiana,  Sargent;  T.  Pattoniana,  Seneclauze.  Sev- 
eral small  areas  have  been  noted  on  the  higher  mountains  west  of 
the  Divide.  2oth  Ann.  Rep.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  5:  355  (Bitter  Root 
Mts.)  ;  2ist  Ann.  Rep.  5:  40  (Beaver  Cr.  east  of  McDonald  Peak); 
Sargent,  Silva,  12:  79  (Divide  between  Thompson  and  Little 
Bitter  Root  Creeks,  H.  B.  Ayres,  1893). 

NAIADACEJE. 

Potamogeton  filiformis,  Pers.  Gravelly  Range  Lake,  Lewis 
£  Clark  Co.,  Aug.  1902,  Owen  Byrnes,  No.  40. 


40  MONTANA  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  SCIENCE  STUDIES. 

Ruppia  occidentalis,  Wats.  Gravelly  Range  Lake,  Lewis  & 
'Clark  Co.,  Aug.  1902,  Owen  Byrnes,  No.  39. 

ALISMACE^. 

Sagittaria  arifolia  tenuor,  n.  var. 

Scapes  equaling  the  rather  short  peduncled  leaves,  which  have 
the  median  lobes  narrow  and  acute  and  basal  narrow  and  spreading. 
Phyllodia  not  infrequent;  otherwise  like  the  type.  This  might  be 
mistaken  for  6\  latifolia  c  of  Smith,  except  for  the  short,  erect  beaks 
to  the  akenes. 

Flathead  river,  July  20  and  23,  1900;  Flathead  lake,  Aug.  1897,  M. 
J.  Elrod;  Three  Forks,  Aug.  24,  1903. 

Sagittaria  latifolia,  Willd. ;  Rydberg,  Flora,  19.  It  is  still  doubt- 
ful if  this  species  occurs  in  the  state  and  no  specimens  appear  yet 
to  have  been  collected  within  our  limits,  those  so  referred  being  the 
next,  which  is  difficult  to  separate  from  it  except  in  mature  fruit. 

Sagittaria  paniculata,  n.  sp. 

Large,  2-6  dm.  high,  growing  in  shallow  water,  roots  tuberous; 
leaves  thick,  10-18  cm.  long,  ovate  with  spreading  basal  lobes,  equal- 
ing the  median  in  length,  latter  gradually  narrowed  to  an  acute 
apex;  petioles  stout,  exceeding  the  scapes:  inflorescence  verticillate- 
paniculate,  3-4  lower  whorls  pistillate;  bracts  scarious,  ovate-lance- 
olate, 10-20  mm.  long;  peduncles  5-10  mm.  long;  flowers  18-22  mm. 
in  diameter,  filaments  equaling  or  shorter  than  the  anthers :  fruiting 
heads  10-15  mm.  in  diameter:  akene  obovate-cuneate,  2.5-3  mm.  long") 
beak  minute,  erect  or  slightly  retrorse.  [PLATE  VI.] 

.S\  arifolia,  Nutt.  differs  from  this  in  its  smaller  size  (1-2  dm. 
high),  smaller,  thin  leaves  (5-10  cm.  long),  abruptly  rounded  to  an 
obtuse  apex  with  basal  lobes  shorter  than  the  median,  its  slender 
petioles  shorter  than  the  scapes,  its  racemose  inflorescence  with 
shorter  (5-10  mm.)  bracts,  its  smaller  (7-10  mm.  diam.)  fruiting 
heads  and  smaller  (2  mm.)  akenes. 

In  general  habit  it  approaches  more  nearly  3\  latifolia^  Willd.,  but 
differs  from  it  in  the  shorter  beak  to  the  akene  and  short  filaments, 
which  are  similar  to  arifolia  with  which  it  intergrades.  It  is  not  a 
hybrid  between  the  two,  for  latifolia  is  not  known  in  this  region. 

Found  throughout  the  plains  region  of  the  state.  Box  Elder  Cr., 
Valley  Co.,  July  14,  1900;  Three  Forks,  Aug.  24,  1903;  Wibaux, 
Aug.  15,  1903;  Miles  City,  Aug.  16,  1903;  Bozeman,  Aug.  31,  1898. 


SUPPLEMENT  TO  THE  FLORA  OF  MONTANA.  41 

GRAMINE^E, 

Andropogon  provincialis,  Lam.  In  swales  anl  lowlands  in  the 
extreme  eastern  part  of  the  state. 

Wibaux,  Aug.   15,  1903;  Upper  Little  Big  Horn  River,  July  13, 
1890;  Crow  Agency,  July  14,  1901;  Miles  city,  Aug.  16,  1903. 

Aristida   fasciculata   Hookeri,   Trin.   &   Rupr. 
Beal,  Grasses  of  N.  Am.  2:207.     "Montana,  Scribner,  83." 

Aristida.  longiseta  robusta,  Merrill. 
Square  Butte,  Meagher  Co.,  July,  16,  1901,  F.  A.  Spragg,  Xo.  422. 

Bouteloua  curtipendula,  Torr.  Swales  and  lowlands  in  the 
•extreme  eastern  part  of  the  state. 

Arden,  July   15,   1900;  Wibaux,  Aug.   15,   1903;  Big  Horn  River, 
Aug.  10,  1890;  Forsyth,  July  24,  1901. 

Bromus  .llciitcusis,  Trin.  Rydberg,  Flora,  61.  I\'oi  *omui  in 
Montana.  See  B.  inarginatiis  below. 

Bromis  ihermis,  L.  Smooth  Brome  Grass.  Now  generally 
cultivated  in  the  state  and  often  escaped. 

East  Helena,  1904,  W.  Passavant;  Bozeman,  1902. 

Bromus  marginatus,  Xees.  B.  Alcutciisis,  Rydb.,  Flora,  61. 
Common  in  mountain  meadows.  Shear,  Bull.  No.  23,  Div.  Agros., 
U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  54. 

Bromus  marginatus  latior,  Shear,  1.  c.,  p.  55  with  references 
under  "Wyoming". 

Bromus  marginatus  seminundus,  Shear,  1.  c.  with  references. 

Bromus  polyanthus,  Scribn.,  Bull.  Div.  Agros.,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr. 
23  :$6  with  references. 

Bromus  Richardson!  pallidus,  Shear,  1.  c.  34. 

:::Bromus  tectorum,  L.  Not  infrequent  as  a  weed  by  roadsides 
and  in  waste  places. 

Missoula,  Aug.  '98,  H.  C.  B.  Colvill ;  Columbia  Falls,  Sept.  9,  1899. 

Bromus  vulgaris,  Shear,  1.  c.  44. 

:::Bulbilis  dactyloides,  Raf.  Becoming  established  in  the  low 
plains  eastward  and  called  the  "Little  Buffalo  Grass"  to  distinguish 
it  from  the  "Buffalo  Grass"  (Bouteloua  oligostacliya,  Torr.).  Intro- 
duced from  eastward. 

Wibaux,  July  9,   1901  ;  Forsyth,  July  24,   1901  ;  Miles  City,  Aug. 
16,   1903. 


42  MONTANA  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  SCIENCE  STUDIES. 

*Cenchrus  tribuloides,  L. 
Columbia  Falls,  Mrs.  J.  J.  Kennedy.     Doubtless  introduced. 

Elymus  Virginicus  submuticus,  Hook.      — (F.  L.  Scribner). 
Bozeman,  Aug.  n,  1898.     In  low  thickets. 

Hordeum  caespitosum,   Scribn.     In   wet  places,   common. 
Bozeman,  Aug.  n,  1898;  Denton,  July  19,  1901,  F.  A.  Spragg. 

Hordeum  pusillum,  Nutt. 

Forsyth,  June  29,  1898;  Great  Falls,  July  9,  1891,  R.  S.  Williams; 
Billings,  June  1898,  F.  W.  Traphagen;  Arrow  Cr.,  Meagher  Co., 
July  3,  1901,  F.  A.  Spragg. 

*Panicum  nitidum,  Lam.     Columbia  Falls,  Mrs.  J.  J.  Kennedy. 
*Panicum  sanguinale,  L.     "Crab-grass."     Sparingly  introduced. 
Bozeman,  Sept.  25,  1900.       In  lawns. 

Panicum  virgatum,  L.  A  form  found  in  the  extreme 'eastern 
part  of  the  state  differs  from  the  typical  eastern  form  in  its  small 
size  (3-5  dm.),  shorter  leaves  (10  cm.),  shorter  panicle  (3-12  cm.) 
and  shorter  divisions  of  the  panicle,  but  is  probably  only  a  depau- 
perate form  here  at  its  extreme  range  westward. 

Wibaux,  Aug.  15,  1903;  Miles  City,  Aug.  16,  1903.  A 
similar  form  also  in  North  Dakota. 

*Poa  annua,  L.     In  dooryards  and  waste  places,  infrequent. 
Bozeman,    1902;    Lake    McDonald,    Sept.    i,    1903;    St.    Ignatius,. 
Sept.  7,  1899. 

Poa  lepticoma,   Bong.        —  (F.   L.  Scribner). 
Mystic  Lake,  July  27,  1898. 

Poa  Montanensis,  S.  &  W.  — (F.  L.  Scribner). 
Bozeman,  July  I,  1898. 

Poa  nemoralis  glauca,  Beal,  Grasses  of  N.  Am.  2 :  553. 
"Montana,  Williams." 

Poa  Patterson!,  Vasey.       —  (F.  L.  Scribner). 
Lava   Peak,   Mystic   Lake,  Aug.    i,    1898. 

*Setaria  verticillata,   Beauv.       Wibaux,  Aug.   16,   1903. 

Sitanion  rigidum,  J.  G.  S. 

Sqaare  Butte,  Fergus  Co.,  July  15,  1901,  F.  A.  Spr.igir ;  Taylor 
Peak,  Fergus  Co.,  Aug.  13,  1901,  F.  A.  Spragg. 

Trisetum  canescens,   Buckl. 
Mountains  near  Columbia  Falls,  July  17,  1892,  R.  S.  Williams. 


SUPPLEMENT  TO  THE  FLORA  OP  MONTANA.  43 

CYPERACEAE. 

Carex  arcta,  Boott.  — (M.  L.  Fernald).  Low  meadowy 
"Big  Fork,  Aug.  15,  IQOI,  L.  M.  Umbach,  220  ('01). 

Carex    canescens    subloliacea,    Laestad.         — (M.    L.    Fernald), 
Along  sloughs,  Lake  McDonald,  Aug.  20,  1901,  L.  M.  Umbach.t 
324  ('oi). 

Carex  limosa,  L.        — (M.  L.  Fernald). 
Sloughs,  Lake  McDonald,  Aug.  20,  1901,  L.  M.  Umbach,  298  ('oi). 

Carex  retrorsa,  Scwein.        — (M.  L.  Fernald). 
Big  Fork,  Aug.  9,  1901,  L.  M.  Umbach,  n   ('oi). 

Cyperus  erythrorhizos,  Muhl.  Columbia  Falls,  Irene  M.  Ken- 
nedy, (1899?). 

Eleocharis  palustris  glaucescens,  Gray.  Bozeman,  July  2,  1898. 
A  small,  slender  form  with  smaller  akenes.  Ours  appear  to  have 
the  mature  akenes  sulphur  yellow,  instead  of  brown  and  the  tuber- 
cles more  acute. 

Eleocharis  palustris  vigens,  Bailey,  Jour.  N.  Y.  Mic.  Soc.  5 : 
104.  "Culm  stout,  thick,  very  spongy,  constricted  at  the  summit, 
nearly  as  thick  as  the  ovate  spike",  which  is  nearly  always  pale, 
not  deeply  colored  as  in  the  type.  Savoy,  July  18,  1900.  A  rather 
low  form. 

Eriophorum  russeolum,  Fries.  In  bogs  about  mountain  ponds 
and  lakes. 

Columbia  Falls,  Aug.  20,  1896,  R.  S.  Williams,  1063;  Summit, 
July  25,  1894,  R.  S.  Williams;  Lake  McDonald,  Aug.  30,  1903,  L, 
M.  Umbach. 

Scirpus  atrovirens  pallidus,  Britton,  Trans.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.  g:i4, 
Miles  City,  Aug.  16,  1903. 

Scirpus  fluviatilis,  Gray.  Common  in  sloughs  along  the  Mis- 
souri in  Valley  Co.  Box  Elder  Cr.,  July  14,  1901. 

(Scirpus  Nevadensis,  Wats.).  Found  north  and  south  of  Mon- 
tana and  should  occur  in  this  state. 

Scirpus  rubrotinctus,  Fernald,  Rhodora,  2:20.  Bozeman,  July 
14  1898;  Mt.  Bridger,  Aug.  1903,  Mrs.  H.  F.  Henshall.  Most  of 
the  vS".  microcarpus,  Britton  in  Montana  belongs  here,  though  the 
true  S\  microcarpus  has  been  found  both  north  and  south  of  this  state 
and  doubtless  occurs  here  also. 


44  MONTANA  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  SCIENCE  STUDIES. 

Scirpus  rubrotinctus  confertus,   Fernald,  Rhodora,  2:  21. 
G.  N.  Ry.,  Teton  Co.,  Aug.  27,  1897,  R.  S.  Williams. 

Scirpus  Torreyi,  Olney.  Has  light-brown  or  greenish  -yellov*, 
triquetrous  akenes  ;  otherwise  resembling  v$\  Amcricanns,  Pers.  Com- 
mon in  wet  alkali  places  throughout  the  plains  region  eastward. 

Billings,  Aug.  16,  1903;  Townsend,  Aug.  12,  1899;  Miles  City, 
Aug.  16,  1903;  Malta.  June  9,  1901;  Steele,  Aug.  24,  1901;  Custer 
Station,  Aug.  24,  1890.' 


Smilax  ecirrhata,  Wats.?  Box  Elder  Cr.  near  Calais,  July  .u, 
1900,  in  coulee  thickets  with  .9.  hcrbacca  and  may  possibly  be  only 
depauperate  forms  of  that  species,  though  it  has  the  typical  rounded, 
5-veined,  cuspidate  'leaf  of  ecirrhata,  which  is  found  in  the  parts  of 
North  Dakota  adjacent.  Only  infertile  specimens  collected. 

Smilax  herbacea,  L.  Found  with  the  last;  its  ultimate  range 
westward. 

Tofieldia  intermedia,  Rydberg,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  27:528. 
Segregated  from  T.  glutiiwsa,  Hook,  and  includes  all  the  Montana 
specimens. 

Veratrum  speciosum,  Rydberg,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  27:  5.31. 
Segregated    from    V.  Calif  ornicnm,    Durand    and    includes    all    the 
Montana  specimens. 

Xerophyllum  tenax,  Nutt.  See  Rydberg,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club, 
27:  529.  Apparently  confined  to  the  Flathead  region  of  the  state, 
as  far  as  our  specimens  here  go  to  show,  while  X.  Donglasii,  Wats. 
is  found  in  the  higher  mountains  over  the  western  part  of  the  state. 
Columbia  Falls,  June  14,  1894,  R.  S.  Williams;  Belton,  July  27, 
1900,  common. 

Zygadenus  alpinus,  n.  sp. 

Small,  il/2-2  dm.  high,  subacaulescent  with  one  or  two  scarious, 
linear  bracts,  lowest  sometimes  leaf-like  :  leaves  short  (6-12  cm.)  and 
narrow  (2-4  mm.)  :  raceme  4-6  flowered  :  bracts  ovate,  scarious,  acute. 
purple-lined,  as  long  as,  or  half  shorter  than  the  peduncle  :  perianth 
segments  cream-colored,  ovate,  obtuse,  clawed,  about  6  mm.  long; 
gland  obcordate  and  sharply  defined  :  ovary  adherent  only  at  the 
very  base,  I  cm.  long  and  4  mm.  wide,  styles  about  3  mm.  long. 

Related  to  Z.  clcgaiis,  Pursh,  but  smaller  in  all  its  parts,  nearly 


SUPPLEMENT  TO  THE  FLORA  OF  MONTANA.  45 

acatilescent  and  fewer  flowered,  while  it  grows  only  in  alpine  and 
subalpine  situations.  It  also  grows  isolated,  while  cicgans  in  the 
lower  valleys  is  found  mainly  in  clumps..  It  appears  to  be  the 
northern  counterpart  of  Z.  Color adocnsis,  Rydberg,  from  which  it 
differs  in  its  smaller  size,  wider  and  shorter  bracts,  different  perianth 
segments  and  smaller  and  narrower  capsule.  It  appears  to  inter- 
grade  with  Z.  clegans  at  intermediate  situations,  but  its  easily  recog- 
nized characters  and  different  altitude  clearly  separate  it  here. 

Spanish  Peaks,  9000  ft.,  July  20,  1901,  Jacob  Vogel ;  Sperry  Gla- 
cier, 8000  ft.,  Sept.  i,  1903;  Head  of  Cottonwood  Cr.,  Tobacco  Root 
Range,  9000  ft.,  Aug.  10,  1902. 

Zygadenus  gramineus,  Rydberg,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  27:  535. 
A  segregate  with  the  next  from  Z.  vcncnosus,  Wats. 

Zygadenus  intermedius,  Rydberg,  1.  c.  A  segregate  from  the 
next. 

Z \gadcnns  I'cncnosits,  Wats.  All  the  Montana  specimens  of 
this  species  have  been  separated  under  the  two  species  last  men- 
tioned above. 


ORCHIDACE^:. 

Corallorhiza  striata,  Lin  ell. 

Columbia  Falls,  June  21,  1894,  R  S.  Williams,  1033;  Hall's  Peak, 
Mission  Mts.,  June  20,  1902,  M.  J.  Elrod ;  Garnet,  June  15,  1901,  Mrs. 
E.  W.  Scheuber. 

Habenaria  multiflora,  (Rydb.)  ;  Pipcria  mnltiflora,  Rydberg. 
Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  28:  638.  A  segregate  from  H.  cicgans, 
Boland. 


SALICACE^. 

Populus  acuminata,  Rydberg,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  20:46, 
Leaves  ovate-acuminate ;  petioles  3-6  cm.  long :  lateral  nerves  about 
8.  Owing  to  the  frequent  intergrading  of  the  species  of  Populus 
and  the  intermediate  characters  of  this  species  between  dcltoidcs  and 
angustifolia  and  a  related  intergrade  of  balsamifcra  and  angustifolia, 
'  it  is  doubtful  if  this  be  more  than  a  hybrid  and  further  study 
is  necessary  to  decide. 

Yellowstone,    1878,   V.    Havard    (Gray   Herb.)  ;    Big   Horn    Mts., 
Aug.,  1859,  F-  v-  Hayden  (Gray  Herb.)  ;  Big  Timber,  July  13,  1901. 


46  MONTANA  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  SCIENCE  STUDIES. 

Populus  balsamifcra  caudicans,  Coulter,  Man.  R.  M.  Bot.  339, 
and  others  as  to  the  Rocky  Mountain  species.  P.  candicaus,  Aiton 
is  found  in  the  United  States  only  in  cultivation  or  localities  adja- 
cent, to  which  it  has  escaped.  The  true  P.  balsamifcra,  L.  has  a 
somewhat  smaller  but  similar  leaf,  quite  glabrous  beneath,  and  is 
common  in  the  mountains  from  4000  to  6000  ft.  altitude.  The  ''lance- 
leaf"  cottonwood,  often  mistaken  for  balsamifcra,  is  a  hybrid  between 
balsamifcra  and  angustifolia  and  is  found  only  where  the  other  two 
species  occur.  P.  angustifolia,  James  occupies  a  somewhat  lower  al- 
titude along  the  eastern  side  of  the  Continental  Divide  intergrading 
above  with  balsamifcra  and  below  with  dcltoidcs. 

Populus  trichocarpa,  Hook.  This  is  the  common  cottonwood 
west  of  the  Divide.  The  leaves  are  very  similar  to  those  of  P.  bal- 
•samifera  and  hence  the  two  have  been  confused  in  this  state,  but 
the  fruit  is  woolly,  instead  of  glabrous,  like  the  latter.  In 
the  typical  tricJwcarpa  the  leaves  are  thicker,  the  veins  more  salient 
beneath  and  the  apex  more  acuminate  than  in  balsamifcra,  while 
they  are  conspicuously  yellow  or  brownish  white  beneath,  instead 
of  greenish  white,  as  in  the  latter.  Along  the  Clark's  Fork  and  its 
tributaries  P.  tricJwcarpa  is  frequent  in  the  valley  lands  and  is  a  tree 
of  noble  proportions  with  a  straight  trunk,  branched  mainly  near  the 
top  and  with  thick,  deeply  furrowed,  whitish  bark. 

Missoula,  July  31,  1903;  Libby  Creek,  July  26,  1900;  Columbia 
Falls,  July  20,  1901;  Flathead  Lake,  July  23,  1900:  Saltese,  Aug.  9. 
1901;  Troy,  July  25,  1900;  Belton,  July  27,  1900;  St.  Ignatius,  Sept. 
7,  1899;  Deer  Lodge,  Sept.  5,  1899. 

Salix  Barrattiana  Tweedyi,  Bebb.      —  (W.  W.  Rowlee). 
Spanish  Peaks,  July  20,  1901,  Jacob  Vogel. 

Salix  bella,  Piper,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  27:  399.  -(C.  V. 
Piper).  Columbia  Falls,  May  25,  1893,  R.  S.  Williams,  972.  This  was 
referred  to  S.  Sitchcnsis,  Samson  by  Rydberg  (Flora,  472),  but  this 
and  several  other  species  have  since  been  separated  from  it. 

Salix  exigua,  Nutt.  — (W.  W.  Rowlee).  Separated  from  S. 
longifolia,  M-uhl.  Bozeman,  June  26,  1899;  Garrison,  Sept.  4,  1899. 

Salix  exigua  virens,  Rowlee,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  27:255. 

Salix  Fernaldii,  n.  sp. 

Leaves  elliptical,  rarely  ovate,  rounded  at  apex  and  base; 
sometimes  acute  at  apex,  4  cm.  long  by  two  wide, 


SUPPLEMENT  TO  THE  FLORA  OF  MONTANA.  47 

glabrous  and  scarcely  impressed-reticulate  above,  sericeous 
and  veins  prominent  beneath,  often  nearly  glabrate  in  age;  peti- 
oles 1-3  mm.  long:  aments  2-3  cm.  long:  capsules  short  avoid,  2-3 
mm.  long,  sessile.  A  low,  procumbent  shrub,  3-9  dm.  high  in  al- 
pine and  subalpine  situations  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  from  Mon- 
tana northward. 

•Hitherto  confused  with  .5\  z'cstita,  Pursh,  from  which  it  differs  in 
its  thinner,  narrower,  rounded  or  pointed  leaves,  which  are  less  ret- 
iculate above  and  less  silky  pubescent  below ;  its  longer  aments  and 
smaller  capsules,  as  well  as  by  its  difference  in  range.  6".  vcstita, 
Pursh  is  separated  from  this  by  its  thicker,  broader,  retuse  leaves; 
prominently  impressed  reticulate  above  and  villous  sericeous  below, 
its  shorter  aments  and  larger  (4-6  mm.  ),  more  acuminate  capsules^ 
while  its  range  appears  to  be  restricted  mainly  to  Quebec  and  Lab- 
rador. Xamed  for  M.  L.  Fern  aid  of  the  Gray  Herbarium,  who 
first  called  attention  to  this  Rocky  Mountain  species. 

Stanton  Lake,  7500  ft.,  Aug.  7,  1894,  R.  S.  Williams,  No.  103! ; 
Single-shot  Mountain,  Teton  Co.,  7000  ft.,  July  4,  1897,  R.  S.  Wil- 
liams and  three  other  localities  in  the  state  quoted  by  Rydberg 
(Fl.  112)  under  6".  vcstita. 

Salix  flava,  Rydberg,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  28:  273.  Near 
S.  lutca,  Nutt.  "Boulder  River,  1888,  F.  Tweedy,  63". 

SaJix  iasiandra,  Bcnth.  — (W.  W.  Rowlee).  A  small  or 
medium  sized  tree  with  rough  grayish  bark,  but  trunk  very  smooth 
and  straight  when  young.  Mountain  canyons  mainly. 

Belgrade,  May  31,  1901  ;  Garrison,  Sept.  4,  1899;  Bridger  Canyon, 
May  15,  1901;  Spring  Hill,  May  20,  1901,  W.  W.  Jones. 

Salix  lasiandra  caudata,  Sudw.  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  20:  43. 
(W.  W.  Rowlee).  Columbia  Falls,  May  27,  1897  and  Oct.  3,  1893, 
R.  S.  Williams,  974. 

Salix  lasiandra  Lyallii,  Sargent. 
"Thompson  Falls,"  Holzinger,  Cont.  U.  S.  Xat.  Heil-    3:251. 

Salix  padophylla,  Rydberg,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club.  28:499.     S. 
padifoUa,  Rydberg  1.  c.  28:  272.       Nearest  6\  Mackcnziana,  Barratt. 
"10  miles  east  of  Monida,  1899,  A,  &  E.  Nelson,  5427.'' 

Salix  perrostrata,  Rydberg.  —  (W.  W.  Rowlee).  Not  hither- 
to found  west  of  the  Black  Hills.  Here  a  shrub  6-10  feet  high. 

Bozeman,  May  6,  1901,  W.  W.  Jones;  St.  Mary's  Lakes,  July  5, 
1897,  R.  S.  Williams;  Square  Butte,  Fergus  Co.,  July  16,  1901,  F. 


48  MONTANA  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  SCIENCE  STUDIES. 

A.  Spragg:  Bridger  Canon,  June  26,  1899;  Lower  Basin  of  the  Gal- 
latin,  July  8,  1898;  Highwood  Canon,  June  22,  1888,  R.  S.  Williams, 
802;  Columbia  Falls,  May  27,  1893,  R.  S.  Williams. 

Saliv  SitcJicnsis,  Rydberg,  Flora,  472.  In  the  splitting  of  this 
species  all  the  Montana  specimens  referred  to  it  come  under  5". 
bclla,  Piper. 

Salix  subcaerulea,  Piper,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  27:400.  (W.  W. 
Rowlee).  This  seems  to  be  the  extreme  range  of  the  species  east- 
ward bringing  it  nearly  to  the  Continental  Divide. 

Columbia  Falls,  June,  24,  1894,  R.  S.  Williams;  same  June  5,  1893. 

Sali.r  vcstita,  Rydberg,  Flora,  112,  and  all  other  authors,  as  to  the 
species  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  is  6\  Fcrnaldii  above. 

Salix  Wolfii,   Bebb.        -(W.(  W.  Rowlee). 
Near  Cold  Spring,  Teton  Co.,  July  16,  1897,  R.  S.  Williams. 


CLPULIFER;E. 

Betula  occidentalis,  Hook.  See  Fernald,  Am.  Jour.  Sri.  14: 
167-194.  If  the  brown-barked  canoe  birch  of  the  Northwest;  be 
separaU'-l  from  the  white-barked  B.  papyrifcra.  Marsh.,  as  suggested 
by  several  recent  botanists,  then  this  must  bear  the  name  of  B. 
occidentalis,  Hook,  and  the  small  tree  common  in  the  mountain 
Ci-iH.ns  of  the  slate  hitherto  bearing  that  narro  will  b»-  'K-IO.VU  as 
B.  microphylla,  Bunge,  (B  fontinalis,  Sargent).  B.  occidentalis > 
Hook,  is  not  infrequent  in  the  forests  at  Columbia  Falls,  Belton, 
White  Pine  and  other  localities  in  the  western  part  of  the  state 
and  though  they  look  very  different  and  are  distinguished  by  the 
lumbermen,  it  is  not  yet  certain  that  the  two  species  are  distinct. 

Quercus  macrocarpa  depressa,  Engelm.  "Scrub  Oak".  Sar- 
gent (loth  Census.  9:  140)  says,  "West  to  the  eastern  foothills  of 
the  Rocky  Mountains  of  Montana",  but  no  specimens  seem  to  have 
been  collected  in  the  state  and  diligent  search  down  the  Missouri 
and  Yellowstone  to  Ft.  Buford  has  failed  to  reveal  it.  It  certainly 
occurs  on  the  Little  Missouri  in  Xorth  Dakota  and  it  probably  is 
found  on  that  stream  as  it  crosses  the  extreme  southeastern  corner  of 
the  state,  as  has  been  reported  by  various  parties  acquainted  with 
that  section.  It  should  be  looked  for  in  the  coulee  thickets  back 
from  that  river. 


SUPPLEMENT  TO  THE  FLORA  OF  MONTANA.  49 

URTICACE/E. 

Ulmus  Americana,  L.  "White  Elm."  Frequent  in  the  bottoms 
and  coulee  thickets  along  the  Missouri  River  from  Box  Elder  Cr. 
near  Calais  and  eastward.  Forms  deep  forests  in  the  bottoms  at 
Arden  and  is  often  of  large  size.  Grown  for  shade  in  many  parts  of 
the  state,  but  rarely  hardy  above  3000  feet. 

*Urtica  dioica,  L.      Leonia,  Sept.  16,  1900;  Libby,  July  26,  1900. 

POLYGONACE^E. 
Eriogonum  brevicaule,  Nutt.     Custer  Station,  June  30,  1890. 

Eriogonum  ovalifolium  depressum,  n.  var. 

Leaves  5  mm.  long;  peduncles  2-4  cm.  high;  heads  single  on  the 
peduncle,  small  and  few-flowered :  involucres  2  mm.  long,  5-flow- 
ered :  pedicels  2  mm.  long:  sepals  ij/2-2  mm.  long,  white  or  pur- 
plish tinged.,  while  in  the  species  these  characters  are  at  least  twice 
as  large  and  the  involucres  about  2o-flowered.  In  dense,  caespi- 
tose,  hemispherical  clusters  on  dry  decomposed  rocks  at  about  10,000 
feet  altitude. 

Doubtfully  more  than  an  alpine  variety  of  the  species,  as  connect- 
ing forms  seem  frequent  in  collections  and  the  characters  are  alike 
except  in  size. 

Black  Butte,  Tobacco  Root  Range,  Aug.  n,  1902;  Old  Hollowtop, 
July  9,  1897,  Rydberg  &  Bessey,  5338;  Nyack,  Aug.  25,  1902,  M.  J. 
Elrod ;  the  last  two  collections  not  so  characteristic  as  the  first. 

PoLygonum  acre,  HBK.  Flathead  Lake,  Aug.  1897,  M.  J.  Elrod, 
260.  Rare  here. 

*Polygonum  aviculare,  L.  Yard-  Grass ;  Goose  Grass.  The 
typical  form  with  narrow  acute  leaves  seems  to  be  frequent  in 
moister  localities  west  of  the  Divide,  but  replaced  eastward  by 
P.  littoralc.  Link.  A  common  weed  in  dooryards  and  by  roadsides. 

Columbia  Falls,  July  20,  1900;  Missoula,  Sept.  6,  1899;  Thompson 
Falls,  Aug.  6,  1901. 

*Polygonum  erectum,  L.  A  common  weed  in  many  localities 
in  the  eastern  part  of  the  state.  Often  prostrate  in  hard  dry  ground. 
Malta,  Sept.  9,  1900;  Wibaux,  July  9,  1901;  Big  Timber,  July  13, 
1901 ;  Calais,  July  14,  1900. 

Polygonum  jejunum,  Greene,  Pittonia,  5:  198. 

"Spanish  Peaks,  Madison  Range,  July  14,  1896,  J.  Ff.  Flodman, 
No.  368;  Indian  Creek,  1897.  Rydberg  &  Bessey,  No.  5357." 


50  MONTANA  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  SCIENCE  STUDIES. 

Polygonum  prolificum,  Robinson,  Rhodora,  4:  68.  In  alkali 
places.  Lake  Bowdoin  near  Malta,  Aug.  25,  1903. 

Rumex  confinis,  Greene,  Pittonia,  4:  306.  — (Wm.  Trelease). 
One  of  the  segregates  of  R.  occidentalis ,  Wats.,  differing  from  the  true 
Dccidentalis  in  being  a  much  larger  plant  with  larger  leaves  and  much 
larger  fruit  valves.  Noted  in  but  one  locality  in  the  state,  growing 
in  ditches  by  the  railway  and  may  have  been  introduced  from  west- 
ward, where  it  is  more  common. 

Libby  Creek,  Flathead  Co.,  July  6,  1900. 

CHENOPODIACE^. 

Endolepis  ovata,  Rydberg,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  30:  248. 
Separated  from  E.  Suckleyana,  Torr.  "Glendive,  1892,  J.  H.  Sandberg." 

AMARANTACE^:. 

*Amaranthus  chlorostachys,  Willd.  A  weed  introduced  from 
westward.  Columbia  Falls,  Sept.  9,  1899;  Troy,  July  25,  1900. 

NYTAGINACE^. 

Abronia  nudata,  Rydberg,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  29:  683. 
"Colgate  near  Glendive,  1892,  Sandberg,  MacDougal  &  Heller,  1016." 

Allionia  nyctaginea,  Michx.  In  cultivated  ground  apparently 
introduced.  Calais,  July  14,  1900;  Wibaux,  July  9,  1901. 

PORTULACACE^:. 

Claytonia  multicaulis,  A.  Nelson,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  27:259; 
C.  Virginica,  Rydberg,  Flora,  138,  and  other  authors  as  to  the  Rocky 
Mountain  species.  This  species  differs  from  C.  Virginica,  L.  in  its 
somewhat  wider,  sessile  cauline  leaves,  white  petals  with  a  yellow 
base  within  and  anthers  pink.  Nelson  describes  it  fairly  well,  ex- 
cept the  cauline  leaves  are  not  rarely  above  or  below  the  middle  of 
the  stem  and  the  petals  are  not  "white  with  pinkish  or  purplish 
veins".  The  inflorescence  is  more  racemiform  than  in  C.  lanceo- 
lata,  Pursh  and  peduncles  are  nodding  before  and  after  anthesis. 

Common  in  the  mountain  valleys  from  4  to  7000  feet  altitude  and 
intergrading  above  with  C.  lanceolata,  Pursh  (7-9000  feet).  If  this 
prove  distinct  from  Nelson's  C.  multicaulis,  it  may  be  ca-led 
Clavionia  tricolor. 


SUPPLEMENT  TO  THE  FLORA  OF  MONTANA.  51 

daytonia  Virginica,    L.,  as  to  Montana  specimens,  is    C.    multi- 

fcutlis,  Nels. 

Lewisia  triphylla,  Robinson,  Syn.,  Flora,  i  1269.  Occurs  in 
alpine  situations,  resembling  a  small  form  of  Claytonia  multicaulis. 
The  localities  below  greatly  extend  its  range  eastward. 

Granite  Range,  Carbon  Co.,  Aug.  1899,  11,500  ft.,  Peter  Koch; 
Lake  Plateau,  Carbon  Co.,  Aug.  1899,  9000  ft.,  Peter  Koch. 

Montia  perfoliata,  Howell.  All  the  specimens  quoted  by  Ryd- 
berg  (Flora,  139)  seem  good  M.  parviflora,  Howell,  which  is  separat- 
td  from  perfoliata  by  its  smaller  sepals,  petals  and  seeds ;  the  latter 
species  does  not  occur  east  of  the  Divide  and  is  rare  in  damp,  shady 
places  west  of  it. 

Plains,  June  6,  1902;  Thompson  Falls,  June  7,  1902. 

*Portulaca  oleracea,  L.       A  rare  weed  in  gardens. 
Craig,  July  29,  1900;  Bozeman,  Aug.  18,  1898;  Glendive,  July  9, 
1901. 

CARYOPHYLLACE^. 

Arenaria  capillaris  formosa,  Regel.  Ahpine  and  subalpine  sit- 
uations. Flat-top  Mtn.,  Teton  Co.,  7000  ft.,  July  5,  1897,  R.  S. 
Williams;  Sperry  Glacier  Camp,  6000  ft.,  Sept.  I,  1903. 

Arenaria  congesta,   Nutt.     In  alpine  and  subalpine  situations. 
Mt.  Bridger,  9000  ft.,  July  3,  1900;  Mt.  Hyalite,  10,000  ft.,  Aug.  I, 
1902;  Monida,  7000  ft.,  June  26,   1902. 

Arenaria  lateriflora  tenuicaulis,  n.  var. 

Like  the  type  except  in  its  capillary,  spreading  stem  with  longer 
internodes  and  its  linear-lanceolate  or  linear  oblong  acute  leaves 
with  usually  sparser  pubescence. 

Swan  Lake,  near  Big  Fork,  Mont.,  July  6,  1902,  Walter  Lehman, 
154.  and  I  would  include  the  nearly  glabrate  form  from  Peel's  Riv- 
?r  near  the  mouth  of  the  Mackenzie,  N.  W.  T.,  Miss  E.  Taylor,  in- 
stead of  placing  it  with  the  variety  glabrcsccns,  Robinson  (Syn.  Flora, 
i  :  238).  Apparently  an  arctic  and  subalpine  variety,  rare  in  Montana. 

Arenaria  verna,  L.       The  typical  glabrous  form. 

St.  Mary's  Lake,  July  4,  1897.  R.  S.  Williams;  Single-shot  Mts. 
Teton  Co.,  7000  ft.,  July  4,  1897,  R.  S.  Williams;  Forks  of  Cut-bank 
Cr.,  July  27,  1897,  R.  S.  Williams;  Divide  Mtn.,  Teton  Co.,  July  16, 


52  MONTANA  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  SCIENCE  STUDIES. 

1897,  R.  S.  Williams;  Mt.  Henry,  Midvale,  7500  ft.,  July  16,  1903,. 
L.   M.   Umbach,  405. 

Cerastium  arvense  angustifolium,  Fenzl.  A  form  with  rigid 
narrow,  fascicled  leaves  collected  by  F.  A.  Spragg,  near  Lewistown, 
July  26,  1901,  seems  best  referable  here. 

Cerastium  arvense  oblongifolium,  Hollick  &  Britton,  Bull.  Torr. 
Bot.  Club,  14 :  47,  t.  63.  "Montana,  Scribner",  Syn.  Flora,  1 :  230. 

*Cerastium  vulgatum,  L.  A  weed  common  in  many  places  west 
of  the  Divide.  Kalispell,  JuK  21,  1900;  Troy,  July  25,  1900;  Col- 
i!n;bia  Falls,  July  20.  1900  Brrax,  .A-I^VSI  n,  1901  ;  Thompson 
l.fis,  August  8,  1901. 

Lychnis  montana,  Wats.  In  alpine  and  subalpine  situations. 
Horsefly  Pass,  Crazy  Mts.,  8200  ft.,  July  20,  1902;  Mt.  Hyalite,  10,- 
roo  ft.,  Aug.  i,  1902. 

Sagina  nivalis,  Fries.  Found  near  melting  snow  at  Maynard's 
Camp,  head  of  Cottonwood  Cr.,  Tobacco  Root  Range,  9000  ft., 
Ajg.  10,  1902. 

Silene  Antirrhina  vaccarifolia,  Rydberg,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club, 
31:407.  "Big  Horn  River,  1891,  F.  Tweedy." 

Silene  Douglasii  viscida,  Robinson.  Camp  below  $4»er;y  Glaci- 
er, 6140  ft.,  Sept.  i,  1903;  Black  Butte,  Tobacco  Root  Range,  10,- 
ooo  ft.,  Aug.  u,  1902;  Cut-bank  Canyon,  Teton  Co.,  July  27,  1897, 
U,  S.  Williams;  Head  of  Butcher-knife  Cr.,  Little  Belt  Mts.,  7.800 
ft..  Ar.g.  14,  1901,  F.  A.  Spragg,  808. 

*Silene  noctiflora,  L.  An  occasional  weed  in  gardens  and 
waste  places.  Bozeman,  1898,  1904. 

Silene  Suksdorfii,  Robinson.  Black  Butte  ,  Tobacco  Root 
Range,  10,000  ft.,  Aug.  n,  1902. 

*Spergula  arvensis,  L.  A  weed  in  grain  fields,  rare.  Bozeman, 
July,  1898. 

Spergularia  salina,  J.  &  C.  Presl.  Common  in  alkali  flats,  Bow- 
doin  Lake,  Malta,  Aug.  25,  1903;  Billings,  June  30,  1903. 

Stellaria  borealis,  Bigelow.  Plains,  June  6,  1902 ;  Middle  Cr. 
Canyon,  July  30,  1902.  The  variety  corallina,  Fenzl.  seems  far  more 
common  than  the  type  in  this  state. 

*Stellaria  graminea,  L.  A  weed  which  should  be  found  fre- 
quently in  door  yards  and  waste  places.  Helena,  E.  N.  Brandegee. 


SUPPLEMENT  TO  THE  FLORA  OF  MONTANA.  53 

*Stellaria  media,  Cyrill.  Not  infrequent  as  a  weed  in  door- 
yards  and  lawns  in  the  larger  towns.  Plains,  Aug.  7,  1901 ;  Helena, 
Aug.  12,  1898,  E.  N.  Brandegee;  Bozeman,  Aug.  18,  i< 


RANUNCULACE^:. 

Anemone  Canadensis,  L.  In  low  woodlands  along:  the  Missouri 
River.  Culbertson,  July  n,  1904,  and  region  adjacent. 

Anemone  Drummondii,  Wats.?  "Rocky  Mts.  Summits  at  8000 
ft.  Lat.  49  degrees  N."  Dr.  Lyall,  1861  in  Gray  Herb.  I  am  inclined 
to  refer  this  specimen  to  A.  Tctonensis,  Porter,  as  in  my  opinion  this 
and  all  other  specimens  of  Drummondii  from  the  Rocky  Mountains 
are  the  former  species.  The  two  appear  to  intergrade  westward,  but 
Drummondii  is  properly  a  species  of  the  Coast  Range  and  southward. 

Anemone  lithophylla,  Rydberg,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  29:  152. 
"Little  Belt  Mountains  9  miles  from  Barker,  1896,  J.  H.  Flodman, 
459-" 

Anemone  globosa,  Nutt.  is  A.  multifida,  Poir.  I  am  unable  to 
see  that  the  Montana  form  of  this  species  differs  essentially  in  pube- 
scence or  other  character  from  the  South  American  forms  of  the 
type,  so  that  Nuttall's  globosa  seems  quite  untenable,  even  as  a 
variety. 

Aquilegia  formosa,  Rydberg,  Flora,  155.  ^All  the  specimens 
from  Montana  referred  to  this  are  probably  the  red-sepaled  form  of 
A.  flavescens,  Wats.,  which  is  common  in  the  mountains  along  with 
the  form  with  yellow  sepals ;  its  long  curved  spurs  and  yellow  or 
pinkish  sepals  separate  it  from  formosa  with  straight  spurs  and  deep 
carmine  red  or  scarlet  sepals.  The  latter  species  appears  not  to  be 
within  our  limits. 

Clematis  Scottii,  Porter  (Rydberg,  Flora,  160)  is  C.  Wycthii,,  Nutt. 
below. 

Clematis  Wyethii,  Nutt.,  Jour.  Acad.  Phila.  7:  6.  Rydberg 
says  it  is  "common  .in  Montana."  (Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  29:155), 
but  it  is  not  commonly  separated  from  Douglasii  and  is  doubtfully 
distinct. 

Delphinium  bicolor  Montanense,  Rydberg,  Flora,  157.  Is  not 
"glandular  pilose,"  but  viscid  pubescent  and  is  in  part  at  least  the 
early  spring  form  of  D.  Menziesii,  DC.,  and  in  part  apparently  an  in- 
tergrade between  D.  bicolor,  Nutt.  and  Mcnsiesii,  both  of  which  are 


54  MONTANA  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  SCIENCE  STUDIES. 

common  in  the  state  and  appear  to  intergrade  in  many  localities.  A 
subalpine  form  of  Mcurjicsii,  growing  in  loose  limestone  shingle  on 
Mt.  Bridger  (8500  ft.),  has  long  ligneous  roots  like  bioolor,  but  other- 
wise agrees  well  with  Mensiesii. 

Delphinium  diversicolor,  Rydberg,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  29:149. 
"Rattlesnake  Creek,  Beaverhead  Co.,  1887,  F.  Tweedy,  34." 

Delphinium  elongatum,  Rydberg,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  29:148. 
Nearest  D.  glaucum,  Wats.  "Lima,  1895,  Rydberg." 

Delphinium  glaucescens,  Rydberg  and  var.  uiulticaulc,  Ryd- 
berg, Flora,  157.  These  appear  to  be  a  form  of  D.  occi- 
dentale,  Wats.  (D.  scopulorutn  sitbalpiiiuin.  Gray),  tending 
apparently  toward  D.  scopulontin,  Gray  in  its  small 
flowers,  pubescent  ovaries  and  more  dissected  leaves.  D.  occidentale. 
Wats,  is  not  "glandular,"  but  viscid  pubescent  along  the  inflores- 
cence and  Nelson's  form  of  subalpinum  differs  from  Watson's  type 
of  occidental,  chiefly  in  the  smaller  size  and  larger,  deep-blue  sepals, 
Watson's  type  of  occidentale  being  a  larger,  branching  plant  with 
paler  flowers,  evidently  tending  toward  D.  glaucum,  Wrats.  None  of 
the  specimens  under  the  variety  subalpinum  in  the  Gray  Herbarium 
have  glandular  pubescence. 

Delphinium  Nuttallii,  Gray.  In  alpine  and  subalpine  situations. 
Camp  below  Sperry  Glacier,  6000  ft.,  Sept.  I,  1903;  Little  St.  Mary's 
Lakes,  Sept.  i,  1903*  L.  M.  Umbach ;  Hall's  Peak,  Mission  Range, 
July  20,  1902,  M.  J.  Elrod ;  Plains,  June  6,  1902. 

Delphinium  occidentale,  Wats.  See  D.  glaucescens,  Rydberg 
above. 

Delphinium  pauciflorum,  "Nutt.  Common  on  dry  wooded  upland 
benches  along  the  lower  Clark's  Fork.  Plains  and  Thompson 
Falls,  June  27,  1902'. 

Delphinium  pauciflorum  depauperatum,  Gray.  In  alpine  situ- 
ations. Mary  Baker  Lake,  Sperry  Glacier,  8000  ft.,  Aug.  22,  1901, 
L.  M.  Umbach.  I  am  inclined  to  regard  this  as  a  variety  of  D.  Nut- 
tallii,  Gray,  as  it  more  nearly  approaches  it  in  habitat  and  will  proba- 
bly be  found  to  intergrade  with  it.  In  this  state,  at  least,  D.  pauci- 
florum, Nutt.  is  a  species  of  the  lower  forests  westward  and  appar- 
ently occurs  nowhere  in  this  immediate  vicinity,  yet  in  the  finely  dis- 
sected leaves  and  small  follicles  the  variety  more  nearly  resembles 
pauciflorum  with  which  it  has  been  placed. 


SUPPLEMENT   TO  THE  FLORA  OF  MONTANA.  55 

Myosurus  apetalus,  Gray.  In  the  bed  of  a  dry  pond.  Gardiner, 
July  4,  1899. 

Ranunculus  acriformis,  Gray.  Monida,  June  26,  1902 ;  Coppero- 
polis,  Meagher  Co.,  July  23,  1902;  Sunset,  June  17,  1896,  Mrs  E. 
W.  Scheuber. 

Ranunculus  alpeophilus,  A.  Nelson  is  R.  inamoenus,  Greene.  Rvd- 
berg  (Flora,  164)  seems  to  have  taken  a  form  near  his  own  sixicola 
for  Nelson's  species. 

Ranunculus  cardiophyllus,  Rydberg,  Flora,  165,  is  R.  inamoenus, 
Greene. 

Ranunculus  circinatus,  Sibth.  In  ditches  and  slow  streams,  fre- 
quent. Gallatin  River,  July  27,  1898;  Big  Coulee  Cr.,  Sweet  GrioS 
Co.,  June  15,  1892;  Broadwater,  Helena,  June  14,  1898,  E.  N. 
Brandegee. 

Ranunculus  Cymbalaria  alpinus,  Hook.  Near  the  Continental 
Divide,  Empire,  Aug.  1902,  Owen  Byrnes. 

Ranunculus  ellipticus,  Greene.      See  R.  glaberrimus  below. 

Ranunculus  erenwgenes,  Greene.  The  characters  given  by 
Greene  (Erythea,  4:  121)  for  this  species  will  hold 
equally  well  for  European  and  Asiatic  specimens  of 
A5,  sceleratus,  L.,  and  even  the  rank,  fleshy,  fistulus,  large- 
flowered  form,  which  he  regards  as  the  typical  European  sceleratus, 
occurs  occasionally  here  in  situations  which  preclude  its' introduc- 
tion. All  our  specimens  come  under  R.  sceleratus,  L. 

Ranunculus  Flammula  intermedius,  Hook.  In  wet  places,  in- 
frequent. Flathead  Lake,  July  23,  1900;  Belton,  Aug.  19,  1902; 
Columbia  Falls,  June  25,  1894,  R.  S.  "Williams;  Thompson  Falls, 
Aug.  6,  1901;  Midvale,  July  i,  1903,  L.  M.  Umbach. 

,„  Ranunculus  Flammula  varians,  n.  var. 

Stems  filiform,  10-20  cm.  long,  creeping  and  root- 
ing at  the  nodes;  leaves  ovate,  rarely  oval,  5-12  mm.  long, 
on  petioles  nearly  twice  that  length;  petals  4  mm.  long: 
otherwise  as  in  R.  Flammula  reptans,  Gray,  from  which  it  differs  main- 
ly in  its  ovate  leaves.  Crow  Creek,  Mission  Mts.,  Aug.,  1897,  M.  J. 
Elrod,  234.  A  similar  but  larger  form  with  leaves  1-2  cm.  long  and 
8-12  mm.  wide,  collected  in  wet  places  at  Lake  McDonald,  Aug. 
30,  1903,  appears  to  be  the  same  verging  toward  the  variety  intermedi- 
us, Hook. 


56  MONTANA  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  SCIENCE  STUDIES. 

Ranunculus  glaberrimus,  Hook.,  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i:  12;  R.  ellip- 
tiais,  Greene,  Pittonia,  2:10;  Rydberg,  Flora,  163.  It  is  very  prob- 
able that  two  species  are  included  in  Hooker's  description  of 
R.  glaberrimus,  or  have  been  classified  as  such,  but  there  is  no  reason 
for  the  separation  and  renaming  the  one  with  entire  basal  leaves,  for 
this  is  clearly  the  form  Hooker  made  most  prominent  in  his  descrip- 
tion and  represented  in  his  figure  (T.  V.).  If  any  renaming  is  done, 
it  should  be  the  one  with  trilobed  basal  and  entire  cauline  leaves, 
which  is  not  found  in  Montana.  The  common  spring  buttercup 
here  is  the  R.  ellipticus,  Greene,  which  is  therefore  a  synonym  for 
R.  glaberrimus,  Hook. 

Ranunculus  Helleri,  Rydberg,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  29:   159. 
"Sperry  Glacier,  1901,  F.  K.  Vreeland,  mo." 

Ranunculus  Macounii  Oreganus,  Davis;  R.  Oreganus,  Howell. 
A  smoothish,  thin -leaved  form  of  Macounii  with  smaller  flowers 
and  heads,  in  swales  about  Lake  MacDonald,  Aug.  29,  1903,  L.  M. 
Umbach,  773. 

Ranunculus  Montanensis,  Rydberg,  Flora,  166.  This  appears  to 
be  a  rank,  large-flowered  form  of  R.  acriformis,  Gray. 

Ranunculus  orthorhynchus  platyphyllus,  Gray;  R.  maximus, 
Greene.  Borax,  Missoula  Co.,  Aug.  8,  1901,  also  in  Yellowstone 
Park. 

Ranunculus  saxicola,  Rydberg,  Flora,  164.  A  form  of 
R.  Eschscholtsii,  Schlecht.,  tending  somewhat  in  leaf  form  toward 
R.  eximius,  Greene,  but  having  pubescent  akenes. 

Ranunculus  sceleratus,  L. ;  R.  eremogcncs,  Greene,  Common  in 
wet  places. 

Thalictrum  polycarpum,  Wats.  Said  in  the  Synoptical  Flora  (i  :i6) 
to  "extend  apparently  to  Montana."  What  evidence  Dr.  Gray  had 
for  this  statement  is  uncertain,  for  there  is  nothing  in  the  Gray 
Herbarium  to  support  it  and  recent  collections  seem  to  show  that 
the  species  ranges  little  eastward  from  the  Coast  Range. 

BERBERIDACE^:. 
Berberis  Aqui folium,  Rydberg,  Flora,  170,  is  the  next  species. 

Berberis  repens,  Lindl.  Rydberg  (Flora,  170)  decides  that  ;he 
names  of  these  two  species  of  western  Berberis  have  been  transposed 
on  the  ground  that  Pursh's  figure  of  Aquifolium  (Flora  Am.  Sept; 


SUPPLEMENT  TO  THE  FLORA  OF  MONTANA.  57 

219)  is  B.  repens,  Lindl.,  except  the  detailed  drawing  of  one  leaflet, 
which  has  the  more  acute  apex  and  fewer  and  larger  serrations  of 
the  true  Aquifolium  of  the  Pacific  Coast.  The  figure  perhaps  repre- 
sents parts  of  two  species,  but  the  botanist  must  go,  as  a  final  re- 
sort, not  to  the  figure  and  description,  but  to  the  plants  from  which 
they  are  drawn.  Lindley  (Bot.  Reg.  t.  1176)  clearly  distinguishes 
the  two  species  and  says  that  the  plants- of  Menzies  in  the  Bank- 
sian  Herbarium  were  the  types  from  which  the  figure  and  descrip- 
tion of  Pursh  were  taken  and  that  these  are  B.  Aquifolium — not  his 
B.  re  pens,  but  thinks  that  probably  those  of  the  Lewis  collection 
were  the  latter.  The  plants  of  the  Lewis  and  Clark  Expedition  have 
recently  been  gone  over  at  the  Gray  Herbarium  by  Robinson  and 
( .reenman  (Proc.  Acad.  Phila.  1898:  12-49)  anc^  they  say  (p.  48) 
the  Lambert  Herbarium  specimens  from  this  collection  are  Aquifoli- 
11111.  Pursh  in  his  description  of  Aquifolium  calls  the 
leaves  "nitida,"  which  is  true  only  of  Aquifolium.  B.  repens  has 
normally  but  3-5  leaflets,  B.  Aquifolium  has  7-11;  Pursh's  figure 
represents  seven  leaflets  and  the  type  locality  is  the  Great  Rapids 
(Dalles)  of  the  Columbia,  where  Aquifolium  occurs  and  not  repens, 
so  there  is  not  sufficient  ground  for  changing  Lindley's  interpre- 
tation. 

CRUCIFER^:. 

*Alyssum  calycinum,  L.  A  rare  weed  here.  U.  S.  Fish  Sta- 
tion, Bozeman,  May  30,  1902,  Mrs.  H.  F  Henshall. 

Arabis  arcuata  subvillosa,  Wats.  Meadows  at  Midvale,  July 
4,  1903,  L.  M.  Umbach,  263;  Mt.  Bridger,  8500  ft.,  July  n,  1903; 
Bozeman,  June  28,  1899. 

Arabis  Kochii,  n.  sp. 

Annual  or  biennial,  2-4  dm.  high,  finely  stellate  pubescent  below, 
glabrous  above,  except  the  peduncles  and  calyx,  stem  usually  simple 
and  erect :  radical  leaves  oblanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  entire, 
rarely  somewhat  denticulate;  cauline  linear-lanceolate  or  oblanceo- 
late, entire,  more  or  less  sagittate  at  base :  flowers  becoming  reflex- 
eel ;  petals  purplish,  4-6  mm.  long,  twice  the  length  of  the  sepals: 
pods  straight,  rarely  somewhat  arcuate,  4^2  cm.  long,  i-il/2  mm. 
Avide,  valves  i -nerved  below,  narrowed  above  to  the  sessile  stigma: 
p'-.-duncles.  abruptly  reflexed  and  mostly  appressed,  seeds  in  one 
row,  orbicular,  narrowly  winged,  as  broad  as  the  valves;  cotyledons 
accumbent. 


58  MONTANA  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  SCIENCE  STUDIES. 

N^ar  A.  Holboclii,  Hornem.,  with  which  it  is  commonly  confused, 
but  differs  from  this  in  being  lower  and  more  slender,  stems  glabrous 
above,  less  sagittate  cauline  leaves,  pods  about  half  as  long  and  wide 
and  more  appressed  and  seeds  in  one  row.  From  A.  arcnata  snbi'illosa, 
Wats,  it  is  separated  by  its  lower,  more  slender  habit  and  its  smaller, 
appressed,  straight  pods.  In  appearance  it  closely  resembles  A. 
c.i'ilis,  Nelson  (Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  26:123),  but  differs  in  its  sagit- 
tate cauline  leaves,  narrower  pods  and  winged  seeds. 

Frequent  in  dry  rocky  glades  in  the  mountains  from  5-7000  ft... 
while  the  larger  wide-fruited  A.  Holboclii  belongs  to  the  plains  and 
lower  valleys.  Named  for  Peter  Koch  of  Bozeman,  Mont.,  who  so 
long  collected  industriously  the  flora  of  this  region  and  gave  his 
work  to  advance  the  cause  of  science. 

Plains,  Missoula  Co.,  June  6,  1902;  Lower  Canyon  of  the  Gallatin 
River,  5500  ft.,  July  5,  1898;  Lower  Basin  of  the  Gallatin,  6000  ft., 
July  6, -1898;  Bridger  Canyon,  5000  ft.,  July  20,  1898;  Lombard,  June 
I,  1901. 

Barbarea  stricta,  Amirz.  Flowers  smaller  and  a  paler  yellow, 
fruiting  raceme  strict,  separating  it  from  B.  vulgaris  arcuata,  Fries, 
which  also  occurs  here,  but  less  frequently. 

Spring  Hill,  July  3,  1903,  Amy  M.  Cooke;  Evaro,  June  8,  1902; 
Yellowstone,  E.  N.  Brandegee. 

*Brassica  campestris,  L.  A  frequent  weed  in  old  fields  and 
waste  places.  Bozeman,  July  22,  1898;  Craig,  July  29,  1900;  Sales- 
ville,  Sept.  2,  1892,  W.  T.  Shaw. 

*Brassica  juncea,  Cosson.  A  rare  introduction.  Bozeman, 
July  27,  1903,  Amy  M.  Cooke. 

*Brassica  nigra,  Koch.  Not  infrequent  as  a  weed  in  fields  and 
waste  places.  Great  Falls,  1900;  Alhambra,  July  24,  1898,  E.  X. 
Brandegee;  St.  Ignatius,  Sept.  7,  1899;  Wibaux,  July  9,  1901;  Crow 
Agency,  July  15,  1901;  N.  Boulder,  June  25,  1899,  C.  D.  Flaherty. 

Cardamine  acuminata,  Rydberg,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  29:237; 
C.  hirsiita  aciuninata,  Nutt.  Middle  Cr.,  June  3,  1900;  Gallatin  River, 
June  28,  1899;  Columbia  Falls,  June  2,  1894,  R.  S.  Williams,  338; 
Belt  R.  Canyon,  June  21,  1885,  R.  S.  Williams;  Bozeman,  July  23, 
1898. 

*Conryngia  perfoliata,  Link.  Introduced  in  a  few  localities, 
Hinsdale,  June  13,  1901 ;  Midvale,  July  19,  1903,  L.  M.  Umbach.  , 


SUPPLEMENT  TO  THE  FLORA  OF  MONTANA.  5£ 

Drapa  alpina,  L.  Mountain  sides,  Midvale,  July  12,  1903,  L.  M. 
Umbach,  312.  A  large  (15  cm.  high)  subcaulescent  form  near 
D.  hirta,  L. 

Draba  borealis,  DC.  Specimens  collected  by  R.  S.  Williams  at 
St.  Mary's  Lake,  July  4,  1897,  are  densely  csespitose  and  appear  to> 
belong  here  rather  than  with  D.  incana,  DC. 

Draba  Breweri,  Wats.  Dry  rocks;  subalpine.  Horsefly  Pass, 
Crazy  Mts.,  8200  ft.,  July  20,  1902;  St.  Mary's  Lake,  July  4,  i897L 
R.  S.  Williams. 

Draba  cana,  Rydberg,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  29:241.  Most 
American  forms  of  D.  incana,  L.,  are  split  off  under  this  name;  dis- 
tinguished by  its  more  narrow,  pubescent  pods. 

Draba  Fladnizensis,  Wulf.  The  following  seems  best  placed 
here:  Divide  Mt.,  Teton  Co.,  July  1 6,  1897,  R.  S.  Williams. 

Draba  oligosperma  microcarpa,  n.  var. 

Differs  from  oligosperma  in  its  smaller  (2  mm.  long,  instead  of  3-4 
mm.),  more  orbicular  and  often  more  pubescent  pods  and  smaller 
flowers,  and  from  D.  andina,  Nelson,  in  its  smaller  pods,  longer  (4-6 
mm.)  and  narrower  leaves  and  racemose  inflorescence.  One  of 
the  confluent  glacialis  group  to  which  it  is  desirable  to  call  attention. 

Black  Butte,  Tobacco  Root.  Range,  10,000  ft.,  Aug.  n,  1902; 
Dewey,  June  24,  1902;  Horsefly  Pass,  Crazy  Mts.,  8200  ft.,  July  20, 
1902. 

Draba  saximontana,  A.  Nelson.  "Monida,  Madison  Co.,  June 
16,  1899,  A.  &  E.  Nelson." 

*Eruca  sativa,  Lam.  Resembles  Brassica  alba,  Boiss.  Our  speci- 
mens appear  to  be  2-3  feet  high  and  nearly  glabrous,  but  the  fruit 
is  glabrous  and  wider  (6  mm.)  than  is  normal  with  the  species.  Not 
before  reported  as  a  weed  in  America.  .Collected  in  the  vicinity  of 
Kalispell,  Sept.  9,  1898,  by  Dr.  E.  V.  Wilcox. 

*Hesperis  matronalis,  L.  Occasionally  escaped  from  ornamen- 
tal cultivation.  Bozeman,  1891,  W.  T.  Shaw;  i< 


Lepidium  pubicarpum,  A.  Nelson,  Bot.  Gaz.  30:189.  Distin- 
guished from  L.  apctalum,  Wrilld.  by  its  much  lower,  branching  habit 
and  by  being  puberulent  throughout,  even  to  the  pods. 

Dwelle's,  Upper  Madison  River,  July  30,  1899,  A-  &  E-  Nelson; 
Bozeman,  July  2,  1898. 


60  MONTANA  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  SCIENCE  STUDIES. 

Lesquerella  Ludoviciana,  Wats.  Petals  frequently  purplish. 
Wibanx,  May  25,  1902;  Great  Falls,  June  9,  1885,  R.  S.  Williams; 
Martinsdale,  May  26,  1880,  R.  S.  Williams. 

*Nasturtium  Armoracia,  Fries.  A  not  infrequent  escape  fro  its 
cultivation.  Helena,  July  9,  1900;  Bozeman,  Aug.,  1901. 

Physaria  macrantha,  n.  sp. 

5-8  cm.  high  with  a  long,  deeply  penetrating  root :  petals  10-14 
mm.,  long,  bright  yellow:  fruit  didymous  and  much  inflated,  often 
large,  10-14  mm-  diameter.  In  dry  stony  subalpine  localities,  7-9000 
ft.  altitude,  and  appears  to  intergrade  with  P.  didymocarpa,  Gray, 
which  grows  at  lower  elevations  and  has  smaller  (7-8  mm.)  and  paler 
colored  petals  and  smaller  (7-10  mm.)  fruit. 

Hills  near  Granite  Butte,  Sept.,  1902,  Owen  Byrnes ;  Midvale, 
July  9,  1903,  L.  M.  Umbach;  Mt.  Bridger,  8500  ft.,  July  n,  1903; 
Dewey,  June  24,  1902. 

Sisymbrium  decumbens,  (Rydb.)  ;  Schoenocrambc  decumbens, 
Rydberg,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  31 1409.  Separated  from  3\  lini folium. 
Nutt.  "Melrose,  1895,  Rydberg,  2671 ;  Sheridan,  1895,  L.  A.  Fitch." 

*Sisymbrium  altissimum,  L.  The  "Tumbling  Mustard"  is  be- 
coming a  common  and  troublesome  weed  in  many  sections  of  the 
state.  Great  Falls,  July  10,  1900;  La  Salle,  June  24,  1901,  W.  F.  Jel- 
lison;  Belgrade,  Oct.  20,  1904;  Missoula,  June  5,  1892. 

Sisymbrium  canescens,  Nutt.  In  the  eastern  plains,  frequent. 
Great  Falls,  R.  S.  Williams,  May  24,  i885;*Custer  Station,  May  30, 
1890;  Forsyth,  June  29,  1898;  Fergus  Co.,  July  5,  1901,  F.  A. 
Spragg. 

Sisymbrium  incisum  Californicum,  (T.  &  G.)  ;  Sophia  California. 
Rydberg,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  29:238.  Dewey,  Beaverhead  Co., 
June  24,  1902. 

Sisymbrium  viscosum,    (Rydb)  ;  Sophia  viscosa,  Rydberg,  Bull. 
Torr.   Bot.   Club,  29:238.     Distinguished  from  5".  incisum,  Engelm. 
by  its  viscid  pubescence  throughout  and  narrower  siliques. 
Deep  Cr.  Canyon,  Big  Belt  Mts.,  Aug.  14,  1899. 

Smelowskia  Americana,  Rydberg,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  29:239. 
The  American  forms  of  S.  calycina,  C.  A.  Meyer  are  separated  under 
this  name. 

Thelypodium  Nuttallii,  Wats.?     Some     two     feet     high     with 


SUPPLEMENT  TO  THE  FLORA  OF  MONTANA.  61 

branching  inflorescence.  Has  the  leaves  and  general  habit  of  Nuttal- 
lii,  but  the  flowers  are  smaller,  with  petals  about  6  mm.  long  and 
apparently  white. 

Hallett's  Ranch,  Helena,  Aug.  15,  1892,  E.  N.  Brandegee. 

CRASSULACE^E. 

Sedum  frigidum,  Rydberg,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  28:283.  The 
American  forms  of  S.  Rhodiola,  DC.  (S.  roseum,  Scop.)  are  thus  sep- 
arated as  a  distinct  species. 

Sedum  subalpinum,  n.  sp. 

Perennial,  5-10  cm.  high,  glabrous,  except  the  leaves,  branching 
from  the  base :  leaves  terete,  sometimes  flattened,  4-7  mm.  long,  usu- 
ally densely  pulverulent  under  a  lens,  mainly  aggregated  in  basal 
rosettes :  cymes  contracted,  2-4  cm.  in  diameter :  petals  5  mm.  long, 
equalling  the  short,  thick,  erect  follicles :  bracts,  sepals  and  petals 
often  purplish.  Rocky  ledges  in  alpine  and  subalpine  situations, 
Sooo  feet  and  upwards,  passing  below  into  S.  stenopctalum.  Colorado 
and  Oregon,  northward  in  the  mountains. 

S.  stcnopetalum,  Pursh,  is  distiguished  from  this  species  by  its 
greater  size  (10-18  cm.),  fewer  basal  rosettes:  leaves  8-12  cm.  long: 
cymes  diffuse  and  divisions  divergent,  4-8  cm.  in  diameter:  petals 
8  mm.  long,  equalling  the  erect,  slender  follicles,  and  it  is  found  in 
the  lower  mountains  from  3-8000  feet.  The  smaller  size,  more  abun- 
dant basal  rosettes,  smaller  leaves,  cymes,  flowers  and  fruit  and 
higher  altitude  readily  separate  subalpinum  from  this  species,  though 
the  two  appear  to  have  been  confounded  in  most  herbaria. 

Sperry  Glacier,  8000  ft.,  Sept.  i,  1903;  Beef  Straight,  Jefferson 
Co.,  June  30,  1902;  Mt.  Hyalite,  Gallatin  Co.,  10,000  ft.,  Aug.  i, 
1902;  Horsefly  Pass,  Crazy  Mts.,  8200  ft.,  July  20,  1902;  Mt.  Bridg- 
er,  8500  ft.,  July  u,  1903;  Monida,  7000  ft.,  June  26,  1902. 

PAPAVERACEJE. 

Argemone  alba,  Lesteb.  Apparently  native  in  the  eastern 
plains.  Custer  Station,  June  23,  1890;  Forsyth,  July  24,  1901;  Mey- 
ers, 1902. 

Papavcr  nudicaulc  arcticnm,  Elkan. ;  Rydberg,  Flora,  475.  Is 
P.  pyginaeiiin  below. 

Papaver  pygmaeum,  Rydberg,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  29:159; 
P.  nndicaule  arcticum,  Rydberg,  Flora,  475.  Also  at  Sperry  Glacier, 
Sept.  i,  1903,  8000  ft. 


€2  MONTANA  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  SCIENCE  STUDIES. 


SAXIFRAGACE^:. 

Heuchera  alpina,  n.  comb.,  H.  cylindrica  alpina,  Wats.  Horse- 
fly Pass,  Crazy  Mts.,  8200  ft.,  July  20,  1902;  Monida,  June  26,  1902. 

Heuchera  saxicola,  E.  Nelson,  Bot.  Gaz.  30:118.  Separates 
tmr  Montana  form  commonly  referred  to  H.  ovalifolia,  Nutt.  as  the 
above  species,  which  is  characterized  as  "villous  and  viscid  glandu- 
lar" and  ovalifolia  proper  as  "wholly  destitute  of  villous  hairs."  Tor- 
rey  &  Gray  (Fl.  N.  Am.  i  1581)  seems  to  have  used  the  latter  term 
to  distinguish  this  species  ffom  H.  cylindrica,  Dougl.,  previously 
described  and  it  is  not  at  all  evident  that  he  did  not  mean  our  species. 

Leptarrhena  amplexifolia,  R.  Br.  Mountain  sides,  Holzinger 
Basin,  Sperry  Glacier,  Aug.  22,  1901,  L.  M.  Umbach,  356. 

Mitella  stauropetala,  Piper,  Erythea,  7:161.  Differs  from  M, 
trifida,  Graham  in  being  larger  throughout,  raceme  secuncl,  petals 
twice  the  length  of  the  sepals  and  divided  half  down  into  three 
filiform  divergent  lobes;  trifida  having  relatively  few  flowers,  petals 
scarcely  exserted  and  very  shortly  lobed.  Close  to  M.  I'iolacca,  Rydb.. 
of  which  it  may  be  the  normal  form,  but  differs  from  it  in  its  larger 
size,  more  numerous  flowers  and  petals  trifid  into  long,  filiform,  di- 
varicate segments.  In  leaf  and  pubescence  they  seem  identical  and 
in  fruit  can  only  be  distinguished  by  size.  Petals  often  a  beautiful 
violet.  Evaro,  June  8,  1902,  low  wet  places  ;•  Mt.  Hyalite,  8000  ft., 
Aug.  i,  1902. 

Parnassia  Kotzebuei,  C.  &  S.  In  bogs  at  the  outlet  of  the 
Lower  Basin  of  the  Gallatin  River,  July  7,  1898.  3-15  cm.  high, 
staminodia  5  and  fairly  typical  of  the  species.  Not  heretofore 
found  south  of  the  British  boundary. 

Ribcs  aurcum  chrysococcum,  Rydberg,  Flora,  204.  There  is  no 
basis  for  separating  the  yellow-fruited  forms  of  R.  aurcum  from  the 
black-fruited  ones,  as  variation  in  fruit-coloration  is  not  infrequent. 
There  are  red  and  white  fruited  forms  of  Actaca  arguta,  Nutt.,  rod 
and  yellow  fruited  forms  of  Shcphcrdia  argcntea,  Nutt.  and  S.  Caiia- 
dcnsis,  Nutt,,  as  well  as  red  and  black  fruited  Primus  dcmissa,  Walt). 
In  regard  to  the  yellow,  red  and  black  fruit  of  Ribes  aurcum  see  Bot. 
Gaz.  14:289  and  15:24.  Yellow  appears  to  be  the  normal  color  of 
the  fruit  here. 


SUPPLEMENT  TO  THE  FLORA  OF  MONTANA.  63 

Ribes  camporum,  n.  sp. 

Infra-axillary  spines  1-3,  short;  more  or  less  prickly  and  densely 
canescent  on  the  younger  branches:  leaves  usually  small,  1-2  cm. 
long,  deeply  3-5  lobed,  lobes  deeply  and  often  acutely  incised,  cor- 
date or  truncate  at  base,  thick,  densely  canescent  with  short  hairs, 
especially  below  when  young,  veins  impressed  above,  salient  be- 
reath;  petioles  about  the  length  of  the  blade,  Ian  ate:  peduncles 
short,  1-2  flowered;  pedicels  and  calyx  glabrous:  bracts  and  bud 
scales  glabrous  and  ciliate :  flowers  8-10  mm.  long;  calyx-tube  cylin- 
tiric,  about  the  length,  or  a  trifle  longer  than  the  lobes,  greenish- 
white  or  somewhat  purplish :  petals  spatulate  or  oboval,  about  half 
the  length  of  the  calyx  lobes;  stamens  equaling  the  petals:  fruit 
glabrous,  apparently  red  when  ripe,  6-8  mm.  diameter.  A  shrub 
6-12  dm.  high  on  dry  cliffs  and  broken  uplands  throughout  the  plains 
region  east  of  the  mountains. 

Apparently  R.  Cynosbati,  MX.  var.  y  of  Hooker  (Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1 :23o) 
and  R.  o.vycantlwidcs,  L.  var.  y  of  Torrey  &  Gray  (Fl.  N.  Am.  i  '.546), 
but  all  the  specimens  consulted  seem  to  show  the  calyx,  pedicels 
and  fruit  glabrous,  though  there  may  be  variation  in  this  respect. 
Certainly  different  from  R.  setosum,  Lindl.,  which  has  larger,  thinner, 
nearly  glabrous,  crenately  dentate  leaves,  much  less  conspicuous 
veining,  longer  pedicels  and  calyx-tube  nearly  twice  longer  than  its 
lobes.  R.  sctosnin  is  a  shrub  of  the  lowland  thickets,  while 
R.  camponnn  is  found  on  the  dry  upland  cliffs.  It  is  also  very  differ- 
ent from  R.  sa.rosum,  Hook.,  which  has  larger,  glabrous  leaves,  4-6 
flowered  peduncles,  larger  flowers,  fewer  prickles  and  the  pubescence 
•\\  holly  lacking;  the  range  of  the  latter  also  is  west  of  the  Continental 
Divide.  R.  camponim  appears  to  extend  from  the  Saskatchewan 
southward  to  Colorado  in  the  plains  east  of  the  mountains. 

Big  Horn  River,  7  miles  south  of  Custer  Station,  May  3,  1890,  No. 
9:  Glasgow,  July  17,  1900  (in  fruit)  ;  Wibaux,  May  25,  1902. 

Ribcs  cchinatiini,  Lhidl. ;  Rydberg,  Flora,  202.  It  does  not  seem 
possible  to  separate  the  western  form  of  '  R.  lacustrc,  Poir,  from 
the  eastern  one,  as  the  characters  given  do  not  hold. 

Ribcs  Hudsoniiinnni,  Richards.  All  Montana  specimens  so  re- 
ferred are  R.  pcliolarc,  Dougl.,  which  has  larger  leaves,  longer  race- 
mes and  glabrous  calyx.  Hndsonianttm  is  more  northern  and  appar- 
ently does  not  reach  our  limits. 

Ribes  lacustre,  Poir.  includes  R.  cchinatum,  Lindl.     See  above. 


64  MONTANA  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  SCIENCE  STUDIES. 

Ribes  lentum,  Coville  &  Rose,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.  15:26-29 
(F.  V.  Coville)  ;  R.  lacnstrc  inollc,  Gray.  In  subalpine  situations. 

Head  of  Cottonwood  Cr.,  Tobacco  Root  Range,  9000  ft.,  Aug. 
II,  1902;  Single-shot  Mts.,  Teton  Co.,  7000  ft.,  July  4,  1897,  R.  S. 
Williams. 

Ribes  leptanthum,  Gray.  A  small  rigid-branched,  spiny  shrub, 
2-3  ft.  high,  in  dry  rocky  places,  6000-8500  ft.  altitude  in  the  moun- 
tains east  of  the  Divide.  R.  sa.vinwntannm,  E.  Xelson  (Bot.  Gaz. 
30:119)? 

Rocky  Canyon,  Bozeman,  May  26,  1900,  6000  ft. ;  Horsefly  Pass. 
Crazy  Mts.,  July  20,  1902,  8000  ft. ;  Wilder,  July  9,  1897,  R.  S. 
Williams. 

Ribes  Icucodcrmc,  Heller,  seems  the  same  as  R.  irriginim,  Dougl. 

Ribes  longiflorum,  Xutt.  in  Erasers  Catalogue.  See  Coville,  Proc. 
Biol.  Soc.  Wash.  15:23.  The  yellow-flowered  currant  of  the  Mis- 
souri and  its  tributaries  in  the  plains  has  longer  ( 16  mm.)  flowers 
and  the  lobes  of  the  leaves  acute  and  straight  margined  (R.  lon^i- 
flonnii,  Xutt.),  while  the  mountain  form  Ifas  shorter  (11  mm.)  flow- 
ers, the  lobes  of  the  leaves  obtuse  and  incurved  toward  the  apex 
(R.  aurcurn,  Pursh).  Wibaux.  May  25,  1902;  Box  Elder  Cr.,  Valley 
Co.,  July  14,  1900;  Fergus  Co.,  Aug.  2,  1901,  F.  A.  Spragg. 

Ribes  Purpusi,  Koehne,  (ined?).  ( F.  Y.  Coville).  An  unarmed 
phrub  wr<h  whitish  bark  and  thin  glabrous  leaves;  flowers  2  or  3 
.in  axillary,  usually  drooping,  racemes;  calyx  tube  campanula: e, 
greenish  >r  rarely  purplish,  with  lobes  equaling  or  longer  than  the 
tube:  petals  white,  half  shorter  than  the  lobes  of  the  calyx;  stamens 
exserted  and  calyx  lobes  reflexed  on  maturity :  fruit  black,  naked. 
Along  shady  streams. 

Limekiln  Canyon,  Bozeman,  June  18,  1900:  Middle  Cr.  Canyon. 
July  31,  1902;  Flarhead-Brackett  Cr.  Divide.  July  16,  1902. 

Saxifraga  austromontana,  Wiegand,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club.  27: 
380;  v$\  cognata,  F-  Xelson;  Bot.  Gaz.  30:118.  Our  Rocky  Mountain 
species  of  6\  bronchia/is,  L.  has  been  separated  as  the  above,  but  an  ex- 
amination of  any  considerable  number  of  Siberian  and  East  Asia 
specimens  will  show  their  great  variability  and  relative  approxima- 
tion to  the  American  forms  in  leaf  and  flower,  so  that  separation  is 
questionable. 

Saxifraga  caespitosa  minima,  n.  n. ;  S.  nwschata  forma  annpacta, 


SUPPLEMENT  TO  THE  FLORA  OF  MONTANA.  65 

Mert.  &  Koch ;  5.  acanlis,  Gaud.  The  small,  condensed,  more  c;f.<=pi- 
tose  form  of  S.  cacspitosa,  L.,  1-3  cm.  high  and  1-3  Jiowered,  in  al- 
pine situations. 

Single-shot  Mountain,  Teton  Co.,  7000  ft.,  July  4,  1897,  R.  S. 
Williams;  Mt.  Hyalite,  10,000  ft.,  Aug.  I,  1902;  Mt.  Henry,  Teton 
Co.,  June  28,  1903,  L.  M.  Umbach. 

Saxifraga  Columbiana,  Piper,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  27:  393. 
One  of  the  segregates  of  S.  integrifolia,  Hook.,  characterized  by  hav- 
ing narrow,  obovate-oblong  petals,  shorter  than  the  calyx  lobes  and 
calyx-tube  aclnate  to  the  ovary,  which  is  immersed  in  a  lobed  disk. 

Bozeman,  May,  1887,  Peter  Koch;  Mt.  Bridger,  May  16,  1901; 
Plains,  June  6,  1902;  Thompson  Falls,  June  7,  1902;  Columbia  Falls, 
June  7,  1893,  R.  S.  Williams. 

Saxifraga  exarata,  Vill.  Much  more  lax  than  6\  cacspitosa,  L. 
and  the  basal  leaves  are  not  aggregated,  as  in  that  species ;  flowering 
stems  weak  and  ascending.  In  the  spray  of  the  falls  with  S.  dcbilis, 
Engelm. 

Middle  Cr.,  Gallatin  Co.,  July  7,  1901,  W.  W.  Jones;  same  locality, 
July  30,  1902. 

Sftjrifraga  integrifolia,  Hook.  By  the  splitting  up  of  this  com- 
posite species  the  true  integrifolia  is  not  found  in  Montana,  but  is 
native  further  west.  See  Coville,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.  7:79  and 
Small,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  23:366. 

Saxifraga  Greenei,  n.  sp. 

S.  niralis  of  most  authors,  as  to  the  Rocky  Mountain  species. 
Apparently  annual  or  biennial  from  a  short,  fibrous-rooted  cauclex ; 
acaulescent :  leaves  ovate  to  ovate-elliptical,  coreaceous,  crenately 
serrate,  15-20  mm.  long  by  about  two-thirds  as  wide,  usually  with 
some  rusty  tomentum  beneath,  obtuse  at  apex  and  narrowed  abrupt- 
ly into  a  winged,  often  ciliate  petiole  of  about  the  length  of  the 
blade;  scape  about  10  (3-16)  cm.  high,  densely  glandular-puberu- 
lent  above;  flowers  nearly  sessile  in  dense  terminal  head?,  bracts 
linear,  scarcely  equaling  the  glabrous  calyx:  calyx  short-turbi- 
riate,  the  tube  about  as  long  ats  the  ovate  erect  acute  or  obtuse  seg- 
ments, and  adherent  to  ovary;  petals  elliptical  or  oboval,  narrowed 
to  a  sessile  base,  2  mm.  long,  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx  segments,. 
white,  lateral  nerves  rarely  confluent  above:  carpels  widely  diver- 
gent above  on  maturity,  deep  purple :  bracts  and  calyx  segments 
usually  purplish. 


MONTANA  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  SCIENCE  STUDIES. 

The  true  S.  nivalis,  L.  is  a  species  of  the  Arctic  regions  and  is 
readily  separated  from*  this  species  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  by  its 
glabrate,  canescent  or  sparse  purple-glandular  pubescence ;  its  wider, 
more  rounded,  thinner  serrate-dentate  leaf-blades;  wider  calyx-tube 
and  shorter  petals.  The  nearest  relative  of  S.  Grccnci  in  the  Rockies 
is  S.  rhomboidea,  Greene  (Pittonia,  3:343),  which  is  a  much  larger 
plant  with  interruptedly  spicate  inflorescence,  longer  (4  mm.) 
petals ,  more  viscid  pubescence  and  found  in  lower  situations  (3-8000 
feet). 

'Mt.  Hyalite,  Aug.  i,  1902,  10,000  ft.;  Black  Butte,  Tobacco  Root 
Range,  Aug.  1 1,  1902,  10,000  ft. ;  Dewey,  June  24,  1902,  9000  ft. ;  Flat- 
top Mountain,  Teton  Co.,  July  5,  1897,  7000  ft.,  R.  S.  Williams; 
Red  Lodge,  June,  1899,  J.  M.  Kay;  Old  Hollowtop,  near  Pony,  July 
9,  1897,  Rydberg  &  Bessey,  4267;  Lake  Plateau,  Aug.  I,  1897,  Peter 
Koch. 

In  alpine  and  subalpine  situations  throughout  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tain region,  passing  in  lower  situations  into  S.  rhomboidea  and  proba- 
bly in  the  extreme  north  into  6".  nivalis.  [PLATE  I,  A  and  B]. 

Sa.vifraga  nivalis,  Rydberg,  Flora,  194,  and  other  authors  as  to 
the  Kocl.v  Mountain  specimens.  All  specimens  so  nn tried  ?rom  this 
region  must  be  divided  between  S.  rhomboidea,  Greene,  and  the 
smaller  S.  Greenei  above.  The  true  S.  nivalis  is  confined  to  the  Arc- 
tic regions. 

Saxifraga  Marshall!!,  Greene,  Pittonia,  i:  159.  5\  occidentalis, 
Wats.,  Proc.  Amer.  Acad.  23 1264,  in  part ;  .S.  sa.nmontana,  E.  Nel- 
son, Erythea,  7:168;  S.  Idahocnsis,  Piper,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  27: 
394.  A  careful  study  of  this  group  convinces  me  that  these  are  all 
one  species.  Small  (Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  23:362)  would  limit 
6\  occidentalis,  Wats,  to  the  specimens  cited  from  Vancouver  Island, 
which  have  larger  petals  (4  mm.  long),  sepals  nearly  always  erect 
even  in  fruit,  glabrous  stems  and  leaves  rufous-tomentous  beneath 
and  marked  by  Watson  "n.  sp.,"  although  in  publication  he  first 
cited  the  Rocky  Mountain  specimens  of  Drummond,  which  are 
identical  with  those  here  considered  and  previously  described  by 
Greene  as  S.  Marshallii.  Nelson  and  Piper  appear  to  have  in  mind 
only  the  form  with  purple-glandular  pubescent  stem,  nearly  glabrous 
leaves  and  small  flowers.  Our  species  appears  to  vary  considerably 
in  the  size  of  the  petals  (1.^2-3  mm.)  and  hight  of  the  plants  (1-3 
dm.),  but  none  appear  to  have  the  "oval  green  spot  on  each  side 
of  the  midnerve  toward  the  base"  of  the  petals,  mentioned  by 


SUPPLEMENT  TO  THE  FLORA  OF  MONTANA. 


67 


PLATE  I. 


SAXIFRAGA  GREENEI,  BLANKINSHIP. 

A.  Plant  natural  size. 

B,  Flower  X  5. 


IMPATIENS  ECALCARATA,  BLANKINSHIP. 

C.  Leaf  natural  size. 

D.  Flower  X  2. 


68  MONTANA  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  SCIENCE  STUDIES. 

Greene.  It  differs  from  3\  Calif oniica,  Greene  (Pittonia.  1 1286)  i» 
its  usually  smaller  size  and  flowers,  its  glabrous  leaves  and  cymose, 
instead  of  racemose,  inflorescence.  From  ,S\  refle.ra,  HOOK.,  with 
which  it  is  usually  confused,  it  is  separated  by  its  purple-glandular 
(not  hoary)  pubescence  and  pure  white,  instead  of  orange-spotted 
petals.  The  reflexed  sepals,  glandular  (not  viscid)  pubescence  and 
peduncled  flowers  at  once  distinguish  it  from  3\  Virginiensis,  Michx. 
Upper  Sand  Coulee,  May  30,  1888,  R.  S.  Williams,  700;  Missoula, 
4500  ft.,  June  7,  1897,  M.  J.  Elrod ;  Bozeman,  May  30,  1901,  W.  W. 
Jones;  Spanish  Creek,  1901,  Jacob  Vogel ;  Alt.  Hyalite,  10,000  ft., 
Aug.  I,  1902;  Sperry  Glacier,  6-8000  ft.,  Sept.  I,  1902,  in  the  latter 
situation  growing  with  S.  Notkana,  Aloe. 

Saxifraga  Sierrae,  Small,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  23:36^;  Coville, 
Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.  7 178.  Like  6\  rhomboidca,  Greene,  but  the 
calyx-tube  is  shorter,  petals  equaling  the  calyx-lobes  and  the  leaves 
are  wider.  From  6\  Columbiana,  Piper,  it  is  distinguished  by  its 
sepals  often  erect  in  anthesis,  calyx-tube  more  adherent  below,  pe- 
tals wider,  leaves  wider  and  abrupt  at  base  and  inflorescence  long, 
branching  and  divergent  below. 

Bridger  Canyon,  Bozeman,  May  16,  1898,  Airs.  R.  M.  Wilcox; 
Sedan,  June  n,  1901,  B.  Jones. 

Saxifraga  Oregana,  Howell,  Erythea,  3:34.  Related  to  the 
last  but  much  larger  (6-i2dm.)  with  long  (3-2ocm.),  lanceolate  to 
oblong,  nearly  entirejeaves  and  petals  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx- 
lobes.  Missoula,  Alay  n,  1897,  M.  J.  Elrod,  54. 

Saxifraga  reflexa,  Rydberg,  Flora,  193,  is  S.  Marshall!^  Greene,, 
though  none  examined  have  the  orange-spotted  -petals  mentioned  by 
him. 

Saxifraga  rhomboidea,  Greene,  Pittonia,  3 :343 ;  5.  reflcxa, 
Small,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  23:367.  One  of  the  segregates  °f 
6\  nivalis,  characterized  by  its  larger  size  (2-5  dm.  high),  stems 
densely  glandular  puberulent  or  somewhat  viscid-pubescent,  long- 
turbinate  calyx-tube,  large  (4  nun.  long),  conspicuous  white  petals, 
twice  as  long  as  the  lobes  of  the  calyx,  and  flowers  in  glomerate 
cymes.  Common  in  the  lower  mountains  of  the  state. 

Bozeman,  Alay  26,  1901  ;  Canyon  of  the  Gallatin,  July  5,  1898; 
Spanish  Creek,  Alay  30,  1901,  Jacob  Vogel;  Alt.  Hyalite,  Aug.  I. 
1902;  Bozeman,  May  26,  1901;  Canyon  of  the  Gallatin,  July  5,  il 


SUPPLEMENT  TO  THE  FLORA  OF  MONTANA.  69 

Saxifraga  Rydbergii,  Small;  Rydberg,  Flora,  194.  Mt.  Brid- 
ger,  Bozeman,  May  3,  1903,  Faith  Jackson;  Mt.  Hyalite,  10,000  ft., 
Aug.  i,  1902. 

Saxifraga  .  comosa,  .  Britton ;    5".  stellaris    comosa,    Poir.    With 
6".  Notkana,  Moc.  and  apparently  intergrading  with  that  species. 
Sperry  Glacier,  6000  ft.,  Sept.  i,  1903. 

ROSACES. 

Amelanchier  Cusickii,  Fernald.  Leaves  serrate  from  near  the 
base,  glabrous  when  young;  petals  2  cm.  long.  West  of  the  Divide. 
Missoula,  May,  1897,  M.  J.  Elrod,  40;  Plains,  June  6,  1902. 

Cercocarpus  parvifolius,  Nutt. ;  Rydberg,  Flora,  222. 
Though  common  southward  in  Wyoming,  there  is  no  evidence  that 
it  has  ever  been  found  in  this  state. 

Crataegus  flabellata,  Rydberg,  and  C.  macracantha,  Rydberg,  Flora, 
228.  All  Montana  specimens  referred  to  these  species  apt  ear  to  be 
C.  Piperi,  Britton ;  neither  of  the  two  species  mentioned  appear  to 
•cross  the  plains. 

Crataegus  Piperi,  Britton,  Torreya,  i  :33-    See  C.  flabellata  above. 

Geum  macrophyllum,  Willd.  Mountains,  infrequent.  Rumsey, 
July  15,  1892,  F.  D.  Kelsey;  Spanish  Basin,  June  23,  1897,  Rydberg 
&  Bessey,  4406;  Bozeman,  June  28,  1899;  Upper  Madison  River., 
July  1 6,  1899;  Kalispell,  Aug.  27,  1903;  Swan  Lake,  June,  1902,  M.  J. 
Elrod. 

y 

Ivesia  alpicola,  Rydberg;  Howell,   Fl.   N.  W.  Atn.   1:182;  H. 
•Cordoni  alpicola,  Rydberg,  Mon.,  Pot.  152. 
Mt.  Bridger,  9000  ft.,  June  26,   1899. 

Potentilla  filipes,  Rydberg,  Bull.  Bot.  Club,  28:  174.  "Bridger 
Mts.,  1896,  J.  H.  Flodman." 

Potentilla  fissa,  Nutt.;  Rydberg,  Mon.  Pot.  198.  Rather  fre- 
quent in  the  mountains  on  dry  cliffs. 

Rocky  Canyon,  Bozeman,  May  25,   1900,  B.  Jones;  Spring  Hill, 
July  3,  1903,  Amy  M.  Cooke ;  Plains,  June  6,  1902. 

Potentilla  glandulosa  monticola,  (Rydberg),  Mon.  Pot.  199. 
"F.  D.  Kelsey,  1891." 

Potentilla  Nicollettii,  Sheldon.     Great  Falls,  July  10,  1900. 


70  MONTANA  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  SCIENCE  STUDIES. 

Potentilla  nivea  Altiaca,  Rydberg,  Mon.  Pot.  86.  Flat-top  Mtn., 
Teton  Co.,  7000  ft.,  July  5,  1897,  R.  S.  Williams. 

Potentilla  Norvegica,  L.  This  narrow-leaved,  rugose  fruited 
form  seems  more  common  here  than  the  villous,  wider-leaved  P. 
Monspdiensis,  L. 

Bozeman,  Sept.  22,  1897;  Kalispell,  Sept.  8,  1899;  Billings,  June 


Potentilla  Pennsylvanica  strigosa,  Pursh.  Eastern  plains  main- 
ly. Rocky  Canyon,  Bozeman,  May  26,  1900;  Big  Coulee  Cr.,  Sweet 
Grass  Co.,  June  15,  1901;  Wibaux,  July  9,  1901;  Stanford,  July  5, 
1901,  F.  A.  Spragg,  217;  N.  Boulder,  Jefferson  Co.,  June  25,  1899, 
C.  D.  Flaherty. 

Potentilla  rhomboidea,  Rydberg,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  23  1248. 
Ridge  above  Bannock,  7000  ft.,  July  19,  1880,  S.  Watson,  114  (Gray 
Herb.). 

*Poterium  annua,  Nutt.  In  waste  places,  well  established  at 
Arlee,  Aug.  5,  1901. 

Prunus  emarginata,  Rydberg,  Flora,  477,  is  P.  trichopetala^ 
(Greene)  below. 

Prunus  trichopetala,  (Greene)  ;  Ccrasus  trichopetala,  Greene,  Proc. 
Biol.  Soc.  Wash.  1905  ;  Prunus  emarginata,  Rydberg.  Columbia  Falls,. 
May  28,  and  Aug.  20,  1894,  R.  S.  Williams,  1005. 

Prunus  Virginiana,  L.  Various  authors  have  referred  this 
species  to  Montana  by  including  in  it  P.  demissa,  Wfalp.  and  this  is 
even  followed  by  Sargent  (Sylva,  4:42),  though  he  enumerates  the 
chief  points  of  distinction.  The  two  are  perfectly  distinct  as 
species  and  need  never  be  confused  even  in  the  herbarium.  P. 
demissa  is  a  shrub  or  small  tree,  rarely  attaining  a  diameter  of  5 
inches,  the  young  twigs  are  usually  more  slender,  the  leaves  are 
smaller,  thicker,  paler  beneath,  less  acuminate  and  with  the  tips  of 
the  teeth  normally  somewhat  incurved  and  the  fruit  is  smaller 
(16  mm.),  sweet  and  edible  when  ripe,  though  slightly  bitterish  and 
astringent.  The  latter  is  the  common  "choke  cherry"  in  Montana, 
but  the  true  P.  Virginiana  occurs  in  some  localities  west  of  the 
Divide  as  a  good-sized  tree  8-10  inches  in  diameter.  The  twigs  are 
thicker  and  it  has  larger,  thinner  more  acuminate  leaves,  with 
straight  or  salient  teeth,  and  larger  fruit. 

Columbia  Falls,  Sept.  6,  1892,  R.  S.  Williams;  Plains,  June  6,  1902. 


SUPPLEMENT  TO  THE  FLORA  OF  MONTANA.  71 

Rosa  acicularis,  Lindl.  Not  infrequent  along  streams  in  the 
mountains.  Fruit  large  with  prominent  neck  and  edible. 

Columbia  Falls,  Sept.  9,  1899;  St.  Ignatius,  Sept.  7,  1899;  Leonia, 
Sept.  16,  1900;  Kalispell,  Sept.  8,  1899;  Mystic  Lake,  Aug.  I,  1898: 
Bridger  Canyon,  Bozeman,  July  20,  1898;  Lower  Basin  of  the  Galla- 
tin,  July  8,  1898. 

Rosa  blanda,  Rydberg,  Flora,  477  and  others,  as  to  western  speci- 
mens. The  true  R.  blanda,  Ait.  appears  not  to  extend  westward  as  far 
as  Montana  (Crepin,  Bot.  Gaz.  22:12)  ;  the  western  form  usually  re- 
ferred to  that  species  is  R.  Nutkana,  Presl. 

Rosa  pisocarpa,  Gray.  Not  rare  in  the  mountains.  Mt.  Brid- 
ger, Aug.  23,.  1898;  Columbia  Falls,  July  20,  1900;  Flathead  Lake, 
July  23,  1900;  Kalispell,  Aug.  27,  1903;  Belton,  Aug.  19,  1902;  Gar- 
rison, Sept.  4,  1899. 

Spiraea  Douglasii,  Rydberg,  Flora,  206,  is      S,  Mensiesii,  Hook. 
The  tomentulose  5\  Douglasii  seems  not  to  extend  eastward  to  our 
limits. 

Spiraea  Menziesii,  Hook ;  S.  Douglasii  Mensiesii,  Presl.  Fre- 
quent in  the  western  part  of  the  state. 

Troy,  July  25,  1900;  Libby  Creek,  July  26,  1900;  Lolo  Cr.  Canyon, 
S.  Watson,  Aug.  19,  1880,  No.  99  (Gray  Herb.)  ;  White  Pine,  Sept. 
8,  1904. 

LEGUMINOS^E. 

Astragalus  aculealus,  A.  Nelson,  -Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  26:10; 
Rydberg,  Flora,  249.  The  wisdom  of  separating  the  red-flowered 
forms  of  A.  tegetarius,  Wats,  from  the  ones  with  the  flowers  "ochro- 
leucus,  the  k%el  purplish"  of  Colorado,  is  doubtful,  judging  from  a 
comparison  of  the  types  of  both,  as  such  slight  variation  in  color  is 
rarely  sufficient  basis  for  founding  a  species. 

Astragalus  adsurgens  albifolius,  n.  var. 

Larger  than  the  type;  leaves  canescent  with  a  white  sericeous 
pubescence,  like  that  of  A.  terminalis,  Wats.;  petals  white  or  cream- 
colored,  or  possibly  purplish  when  young;  calyx  and  fruit  white, 
somewhat  lanate  with  short  hairs ;  otherwise  like  the  type. 

Field  on  7-mile  road,  Helena,  July  19,  1898,  E.  N.  Brandegee; 
Alhambra,  July  24,  1898,  E.  N.  Brandegee;  Canyon  Ferry,  June  22, 
1898,  E.  N.  Brandegee. 


72  MONTANA  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  SCIENCE  STUDIES. 

Astragalus  adsurgens  pauperculus,  n.  var. 

15  cm.  high  of  less,  spike  1-2  cm.  long,  flowers  about  12  mm.  and 
legume  about  6  mm.  long.  This  is  the  other  extreme  from  variety 
robustior,  Hook.,  much  smaller  than  the  normal  form  in  hight,  leaf, 
•^flower  and  fruit.  On  dry,  gravelly  ridges. 

Billings,  July  7,  1902;  Garfield  Peak,  Wyo.,  July  24,  1894,  A.  Nel- 
"Son,  646.  Intermediate  forms  have  been  found  at  Bozeman  and 
Big  Timber. 

Astragalus  adsurgens  robustior,  Hook.  This  ranker,  nearly 
erect  form  with  less  nigrescent  calyx  is  not  rare  in  the  plains  east- 
ward. 

Melville,  July  21,  1901. 

Astragalus  amphidoxus,  n.  sp. 

Perennial,  caespitose  /rom  a  long,  thic-<  taproot:  branches  oS- 
cending,  12-18  cm.  long,  sparsely  hirsute,  slender:  stipules  broadly 
ovate  or  triangular  acute,  connate  below;  leaves  5-8  cm.  long  includ- 
ing the  petiole  of  one-third  that  length ;  leaflets  6-8  pairs,  ovate  ob- 
long to  linear,  acute,  thin,  nearly  sessile,  the  younger  often  revolute  in 
drying,  1-2  cm.  long,  2-4  mm.  wide :  inflorescence  6-8  flowered  in  a 
lax  raceme,  about  equaling  the  leaves;  peduncles  long  (3-6  cm.): 
bracts  2  mm.  long,  linear  to  lanceolate :  calyx  pubescent  with  some 
short,  black  hairs,  teeth  linear,  about  equaling  the  tube ;  corolla  violet, 
8  mm.  long;  similar  to  the  larger  flowered  forms  of  vexiliflexus  which 
it  resembles  in  habit  and  with  which  it  appears  to  intergrade :. le- 
gume flat,  straight,  sessile,  about  3-seeded,  5-8  mra.  long,  somewhat 
oblique. 

Near  A.  miser,  Dougl.  (Hooker,  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  1:153  note),  but  it 
is  yet  doubtful  just  what  this  species  is.  Nuttall's  description  (Tor1 
rev  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  Am.  1 :  338)  differs  from  Douglas's  in  the  obovate 
leaflets  and  Gray  (Proc.  Am.  Acad.  6:228)  describes  it  as  cinereous 
pubescent  (like  A.  vexiHiflc.rus,  Sheld.),  instead  of  subpubescent 
(Douglas)  or  somewhat  hirsute  (Nuttall)  and 'the  leaves,  as  with 
Douglas,  as  broad-linear  to  oblong  and  obtuse,  not  obovate  and  acute, 
as  with  Nuttall.  Watson  (King's  Rep.  5:444)  and  Howell  (Flora 
N.  W.  Am.  153)  follow  Gray  in  their  description  of  the  species. 
A..amphido.Tits  differs  from  A.  miser,  Dougl.  in  having  more  leaflets 
(6-8  instead  of  5-6)  ;  and  sparsely  hirsute  instead  of  cinereous  pube- 
cence;  from  Nuttall's  in  its  oval-oblong  to  linear,  acute  leaves  (not 
obovate)  and  from  Gray's  in  being  hirsute  pubescent,  instead  of  cin- 
ereous pu'bescent,  and  the  peduncles  not  exceeding  the  leaves.  In 


SUPPLEMENT  TO  THE  FLORA  OF  MONTANA.  73 

this  confusion  as  to  A.  miser,  it  seems  best  to  describe  our  plant  as 
new,  until  the  identity  of  A.  miser,  Dougl.  be  determined. 

Sky  High,  Union ville,  6000  ft.,  July  10,  1898,  E.  N.  Brandegee.  A 
form  collected  by  F.  L.  Scribner,  Shield's  River,  Mont.,  June  6,  1883, 
No.  27,  and  distributed  as  A.  panciflonis,  Hook,  seems  intermediate 
between  this  and  A.  vcxilliflexus,  Sheld. 

Astragalus  arietinus,  Jones,  Proc.,  Calif.  Acad.  II.  5:653.     See 
A.  iodanthus  below. 

Astragalus  atropubescens,  Coult.  &  Fish.,     Bot.  Gaz.       18:  30. 
"Deer  Lodge,  June,  1892,  F.  D.  Kelsey." 

Astragalus  decumbens,  Gray.     In  dry  open  places,  frequent. 
Bozeman,  June  18,  1900;  Kalispell,  July  21,  1900;  St.  Joe  Cr.,  En- 
nis.  June  18,  1899,  W.  W.  Jones;  Columbia  Falls,  July  4,  1894,  R.  S. 
Williams,  1003. 

Astragalus  divergens,  n.  sp. 

Caespitose  from  a  perennial,  woody,  deeply  penetrating  caudex, 
10-15  cm.  high,  somewhat  caulescent  with  short,  divergent  branches 
terminating  in  long  (5-10  cm.)  naked  peduncles  twice  as  long  as  the 
basal  leaves ;  sericeous  pubescent  throughout  with  short  appressed 
hairs:  leaves  pinnate,  9-13  foliate,  3-5  cm.  long  with  broadly  deltoid- 
ovate  stipules  or  the  upper  lanceolate,  more  or  less  connate  and  the 
lower  scarious ;  leaflets  elliptical  to  linear-oblong  and  acute,  sessile 
or  nearly  so,  4-6  x  1-2  mm.:  raceme  aggregate,  6-12  flowered;  bracts 
linear,  about  equaling  the  pedicels:  flowers  8  mm.  long;  calyx  cam- 
panulate,  dark  pubescent,  teeth  linear-lanceolate,  about  half  as  long 
as  the  tube;  standard  purple  (blue  in  drying)  or  white  and  purple- 
lined,  emarginate,  about  a  third  longer  than  the  keel,  the  latter  with 
an  attenuate,  inflexed  and  deeply  colored  tip;  wings  white:  mature 
legume  15  mm.  long,  2  mm.  wide,  straight  and  nearly  terete,  i-celled, 
coriaceous,  stipe  at  maturity  about  equaling  the  calyx. 

Nearest  A.  decumbens,  Gray  to  which  it  has  usually  been  referred, 
but  differs  from  that  species  in  its  more  caespitose,  subacaulescent 
habit,  wider  and  shorter  leaves,  subcapitate  inflorescence,  smaller 
purple  or  purplish  flowers  and  nearly  terete,  stipitate  pod.  The  true 
A.  decumbens,  Gray  is  a  strictly  caulescent  and  much  larger  plant, 
with  longer  and  narrower  leaves,  flowers  about  twice  as  large  and 
scattered  in  a  lax  raceme  and  with  longer,  compressed,  sessile  fruit. 
In  habit  and  situation  it  closely  resembles  A.  cacspitosns,  Gray  and 
A.  simplicifolius.  Gray,  with  which  it  was  found  on  high  dry  grav- 
elly uplands  near  Big  Coulee  creek,  about  30  miles  northeast  of  Big 


74  MONTANA  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  SCIENCE  STUDIES. 

Timber,  Sweet  Grass  county,  June  15,  1902. 

The  species  belongs  to  the  plains,  like  A.  dccumbcns  with  which 
it  appears  to  intergrade.  A.  Nelson's  "No.  198,  Laramie  Hills,  Wyo., 
June  9,  1894"  seems  to  belong  here  and  "No.  7085,  Steamboat  Mtn., 
Sweetwater  Co.,  Wyo.,  June  10,  1900"  also,  though  the  latter  has 
narrower  leaves  and  hook-tipped,  mottled  fruit.  E.  Nelson's  "No. 
4374,  Willow  Creek,  Wyo.,  July  i,  1898,"  seems  intermediate  be- 
tween this  and  A.  dccumbcns.  [PLATE  II. ] 

Astragalus  Geyeri,  Gray.  Sandy  roadsides  with  A.  pictus  filifoH- 
us,  Gray.  Glendive,  June  27,  1903 ;  Miles  City,  May  26,  1902. 

Astragalus  glareosus,  Dougl.  Fair-grounds,  Helena,  June  8, 
and  25,  1898,  E.  N.  Brandegee;  Monida,  June  16,  1899,  A.  &  E.  Nel- 
son, 5416. 

Astragalus  iodanthus,  Rydberg,  Flora,  244.  All  specimens  re- 
ferred to  this  species  in  Montana  appear  to  be  A.  arictiinis,  Jones. 

Astragalus  leptaleus,  Gray.  Extends  northward  to  the  Sas- 
katchewan (Macoun).  Head  of  Cottonwood  Creek,  Tobacco  Root 
Range,  9000  ft.,  Aug.  10,  1902. 

Astragalus  Macounii,  Rydberg,  Flora,  243,  is  A.  Robbinsii  Jcs- 
supi,  Eggleston  &  Sheldon  (Minn.  Geol.  &  Nat.  Hist.  Surv.  1:155); 
A.  Blakei,  Eggleston  (Bot.  Gaz.  20:  271). 

Astragalus  pictus  filifolius,  Gray;  A.  ccramicns,  Sheldon,  Minn. 
Bot.  Stud,  i  :i37.  Glendive,  June  17,  1903.  Sandy  roadsides,  rare. 

Astragalus  prunifer,  Rydberg,  Flora,  239,  is  A.  caryocarpns, 
Ker,  which  varies  considerably  in  the  color  of  the  flowers,  width  of 
leaves  and  size  of  pod;  neither  ought  Nuttall's  A.  crassicarpns  be 
taken  up,  as  its  characterization  in  Fraser's  Catalogue  is  insufficient 
and  may  as  well  apply  to  A.  Mexicanus. 

Astragalus  Robbinsii  Jessupi,  Eggleston  &  Sheldon.  See  A. 
Macounii  above. 

Astragalus  simplicifolius,  Nutt.     Leaves  silvery  canescent,  sim- 
ple, shorter  than  in  A.  cacspitosus,  Nutt.,  and  peduncles  shorter  and 
pods  thicker  and  more  strongly  keeled.     On  dry  upland  plains. 
Big  Coulee  Cr.,  Sweet  Grass  Co.,  June  15,  1902. 

Hedysarum  occidentale,  Greene,  Pittonia,  3:19.  Leaves  larg-er 
than  in  H.  borcalc,  Nutt.  and  loment  segments  few,  larger  and 
sparsely  hispidulous. 

Leonia,  Sept.  14,  1900;  Midvale,  July  4,  1903,  L.  M.  LTmbach,  270. 


SUPPLEMENT  TO  THE  FLORA  OF  MONTANA. 


PLATE  II. 


ASTRAGALUS  DIVERGENS,  BLANKINSHIP. 

A,    Plant  half  natural  size.  C.    Mature  legume  X  3. 


B.    Flower  X  6. 


D.     Legume,  section  X 


76  MONTANA  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  SCIENCE  STUDIES. 

Lupinus  alpestris,  A.  Nelson,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  26:127. 
Differs  from  L.  pseudoparviflorus,  Rydb.  in  its  larger  flowers,  less 
gibbous  calyx,  usually  denser  raceme  and  leaflets  pubescent  on  both 
sides.  It  is  found  in  mountain  meadows  7-9000  ft.  altitude,  while 
parviflorus  is  a  native  of  the  forests  from  5-7000  ft.  in  the  moun- 
tains. 

Middle  Cr.,  Gallatin  Co.,  8000  ft.,  July  30,  1902;  Tobacco  Root 
Range,  8000  ft.,  Aug.  9,  1902. 

Lupinus  aphronorus,  n.  sp. 

Herbaceous  perennial,  much  branched  below,  about  2  dm.  high : 
leaflets  6-8,  narrowly  oblanceolate,  2-3  cm.  long,  silky  canescent  or 
subvillous  with  appressed  hairs  on  both  sides ;  stipules  subulate, 
petioles  about  as  long  as  the  leaflets:  calyx  scarcely  gibbous ;  stan- 
dard blue  with  white  or  yellowish  center,  10  mm.  long,  pubescent  keel 
white,  tipped  with  blue,  ciliate :  bracts  linear,  deciduous:  fruit  not 
seen. 

Differs  from  L.  flexuosus,  Lind.  in  its  smaller  size,  small  leaflets, 
shorter  and  denser  verticillate  racemes,  and  shorter  (4  mm.)  pedi- 
cels as  well  as  its  higher  altitude.  Resembles  L.candicans,  Rydberg, 
but  has  larger  flowers,  pubescent  standard  and  ciliate  keel. 

Divide  of  Horsefly  Pass,  Crazy  Mts.,  8000  ft.,  July  20,  1902. 

Lupinus  argenteus  argophyllus,  Wats.      These  more  silky  pube-, 
scent  forms  are  more  frequent  eastward.    Wibaux,  July  9,  1901  ,  Six- 
teen JVIile  Cr.,  Aug.  15,  1899;  Deep  Cr.,  Smith  River  Divide,  Aug. 
14,  1899;  Judith  Basin,  July  24,  1901,  F.  A.  Spragg;  E.  Flathead  Cr., 
June  22,  1901,  W.  W.  Jones. 

Lupinus  axillaris,  n.  sp. 

Herbaceous,  erect  perennial,  2-4  dm.  high,  with  short,  appressed 
sericeous  pubescence,  sometimes  villous  and  spreading  on  the  lower 
stem;  leaflets  8-10,  oblanceolate,  acute,  3-4  cm.  long;  petioles  near- 
ly twice  as  long;  stipules  lance-linear,  I  cm.  long;,  axils  of  cauline 
leaves  with  2-3  supernumerary  leaves  of  equal  size :  inflorescence 
rather  lax  with  1-4  flowers  in  verticels:  bracts  subulate;  pedicels 
8  mm.  long;  calyx  slightly  gibbous;  flowers  blue  or  purplish,  10 
mm.  long;  standard  often  with  yellowish  center,  glabrous;  keel 
verging  to  white  below,  minutely  ciliate  above :  legumes  3-5  seeded, 
short  villous  or  woolly. 

Nearest  L.  Rydbcrgii  below,  of  which  it  may  be  a  more  cauline  var- 
iety, with  supernumerary  axillary  leaves,  but  inhabits  the  dry  east- 
ern plains. 


SUPPLEMENT  TO  THE  FLORA  OF  MONTANA.  77 

Miles  City,  May  26,  1902;  Custer  Station,  May  25,  1890;  Lombard, 
June  i,  1901,  the  latter  connecting  with  L.  Rydbcrgii. 

Lupinus  caespitosus,  Nutt.  In  dry  gravelly  situations.  West 
Gallatin  River  W.  of  Bozeman,  June  3,  1900;  Head  of  Cottonwood 
Cr.,  Tobacco  Root  Range,  9000  ft.,  Aug.  10,  1902. 

Lupinus  candicans,  Rydberg,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  28:35. 
"E.  V.  Wilcox,  1900,  451;  Boulder,  125  &  129  in  part;  Big  Tim- 
ber, 385;  R.  S.  Williams,  Highwood  Mts.,  42;  Columbia  Falls,  1897.'* 

Lupinus  cyaneus,  Rydberg,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  28:35.  Com- 
mon in  the  lower  canyons  and  mountain  forests,  5-7000  ft.,  with 
L.  pseudoparviflorus,  Rydb. 

Bridger  Cr.,  July  25,  1902;  Porcupine  Cr.,  Crazy  Mts.,  July  18, 
1902;  Limekiln  Canyon,  Bozeman,  July  27,  1901;  Bridger  Canyon, 
July  25,  1902. 

Lupinus  decumbcns,  Torr.,  Rydberg,  Flora,  231.  Torrey's  de- 
scription is  insufficient  to  separate  this  from  L.  argcnteus,  Pursh., 
which  varies  greatly  in  laxity  of  spike,  abundance  of  leaves  and 
size  of  flower  and  I  agree  with  Britton  &  Brown  (111.  Fl.  2:  296) 
in  reducing  decumbcns  to  a  synonym. 

Lupinus  flavescens,  Rydberg,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  29:245; 
L.  sulphurcus,  Dougl.  in  part.  ''Medicine  Clay  Prairies,"  Wyeth." 
Doubtfully  in  Montana ;  probably  in  Washington  or  Idaho. 

Lupinus  flexuosus,  Lindl. ;  Agardh,  Syn.  34;  L.  s>:'iceus,  Ryd- 
berg, Flora,  230  and  recent  authors.  This  is  the  most  common 
lupine  on  the  dry  plains  and  uplands  of  Montana  and  has  usually 
been  confused  with  L.  sericeus,  Pursh.,  which  is  characterized  by  its 
coarsely  villous  and  subsilky,  spreading  pubescence,  while 
L.  flexuosus  has  pubescence  short,  silky  and  appressed,  as  with  our 
species.  It  is  more  difficult  to  separate  L.  flexuosus  from  L.  ornatus 
Dougl.,  but  in  general  the  latter  has  leaves  fewer  and  more  scatter- 
ed, leaflets  larger  and  flat,  pubescence  short  silky  appressed,  raceme 
longer,  denser  and  more  acuminate,  verticels  often  6-flowered,  flow- 
ers larger  (14-16  mm.)  and  standard  less  pubescent.  L.  flexuosus 
is  characterized  by  its  densely  leafy  stems,  leaflets  smaller,  often 
conduplicate,  less  silky,  subvillous  and  appressed,  rarely  somewhat 
spreading  pubescence,  shorter  and  more  abrupt  raceme,  with  flowers 
more  scattered  and  smaller  (10  mm.)  bracts  and  pedicels  longer  and 
more  densely  pubescent  standard.  The  former  appears  to  be  found 
mainly  west  of  the  Divide,  where  the  two  seem  to  intergrade  and 


MONTANA  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  SCIENCE  STUDIES. 

Westward.  Bozeman,  Aug.  30,  1899;  Columbia  Falls,  July  20,  1900; 
Kalispell,  July  23,  1900;  Missoula,  June  30,  1903  ;  Arlee,  Aug.  5,  1901  ; 
Leonia,  Sept.  16,  1900;  Libby  Cr.,  July  26,  1900;  Ennis,  July  17,  1899; 
Big  Timber,  July  15,  1902;  Melville,  July  21,  1901. 

Lupinus  Hellerae,Rydberg,  Flora,  231.       See  L.  canlcsccns  above. 

Lupinus  laxus,  Rydberg,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  30:258. 
"Forks  of  the  Madison,  1897,  Rydberg  &  Bessey,  4442  & 


Lupinus  minimus,  Dougl.  Flat-top  Mtn.,  Teton  Co.,  7000  ft.. 
July  5,  1897,  R.  S.  Williams;  Mt.  Henry,  Midvale,  7-8000  ft.,  July  16, 
1903,  L.  M.  Umbach,  94,  175,  304,  398;  Upper  Marias  Pass,  east 
side,  7000  ft.,  Aug.  4,  1883.  W.  M.  Canby,  67  (Gray  Herb.). 

Lupinus  ornatus,   Dougl.      See     L.     flc.vnosus,   Lindl.     above. 
Thompson  Falls,  Aug.  6,  1901  ;  Big  Fork,  Aug.  25,  1901,  L.  M.  Um- 
bach, 589. 

Lupinus  pulcherrimus,  Rydberg,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  30:258. 
"Divide  between  McDonald  and  Camas  Lakes,  1901,  F.  K.  Yreeland. 
996;  Little  Belt  Pass,  1896,  Rydberg,  3318,  J.  H.  Flodman,  620; 
Baltic,  1900,  E.  V.  Wilcox,  58." 

Lupinus  Rydbergii,  n.  sp.  :  L.  HcHcrac,  Rydberg,  Flora,  231. 

A  short-caulescent,  herbaceous  perennial,  2-3  dm.  high  :  leaves 
mainly  radical  on  long  (5-10  cm.)  petioles;  leaflets  8-10,  oblanceo- 
late,  acute,  3-4  cm.  long,  6-9  mm.  wide,  coarsely  canescent  to  sub- 
Villous  with  white  appressed  pubescence:  racemes  8-14  cm.  long  and 
about  3  cm.  in  diameter,  exserted  above  the  leaves  on  peduncles 
about  half  as  long:  bracts  linear,  deciduous;  pedicels  5-7  mm.  long; 
•calyx  slightly  gibbous:  corolla  blue  or  purplish,  10  mm.  long':  stand- 
ard with  white  or  yellowish  center,  naked  ;  keel  ciliate,  white  below  : 
legume  3-5  seeded,  densely  silky  villous.  Dry  ridges  and  uplands 
of  the  lower  mountains  mainly.  Certainly  near  L.  HcHcrac,  Heller. 
but  differs  in  its  smaller  flowers  and  pubescence.  The  tvpical 
Hcllcrac  has  not  yet  been  found  in  the  state.  Near  L.  a.rillaris  above. 

Big  Coulee  Cr.,  Sweet  Grass  Co.,  June  15,  1902;  Mcim'a.  June  26. 
1902;  i6-mile  Cr.,  July  24,  1902;  Dewey,  7500  ft.,  June  2.1,  1:902; 
Sedan,  June  7,  1902,  W.  W.  Jones;  Columbia  Falls,  May  22,  1897, 
R.  S.  Williams.  , 

Lupinus   Scheuberae,   Rydberg,   Bull,   Torr.    Bot.    Club,   29:244. 


SUPPLEMENT  TO  THE  FLORA  OF  MONTANA.  79 

Gurnet,  Granite  Co.,  July  20,  1901,  Mrs.  E.  W.  Scheuber,  No.  135. 

Lupinus  sericeus,  Pursh.,  not  Rydberg.  See  L.  flc.vuosus,  Lindl. 
In  the  western  part  of  the  state,  rare.  Plains,  Missoula  Co.,  June 
6,  1902;  Monida,  June  26,  1902. 

Lupinus  Jonesii,  n.  sp. 

A  herbaceous  perennial  with  many  simple  stems  from  a  branching 
cundex,  puberulent,  erect,  slender,  2-4  dm.  high:  petioles  appressed 
to  stem  or  little  divergent,  lower  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  leaves; 
stipules  lanceolate-subulate,  8-12  mm.  long;  leaflets  8,  narrowly  ob- 
lanceolate,  about  30  mm.  long  and  3-5  mm.  wide,  thin,  glabrous  above, 
appressed  puberulent  below,  often  conduplicate,  apex  acute :  racemes 
short  pedicled,  often  dense,  4-7  cm.  long,  2  cm.  wide  attenu- 
ate above  ;  bracts  linear  about  as  long  as  the  pedicels,  silky  cane- 
scent,  as  is  the1  gibbous  calyx:  flowers  small,  8  mm.  long,  pale  blue; 
standard  glabrous  with  a  white  or  yellowish  center,  wings  and 
keel  more  or  less  white  below,  keel  rarely  somewhat  ciliate ;  fruit 
silky  villous,  3-seeded.  Referred  to  L.  dcciuubcns,  Torr.  by  some 
authors. 

Easily  distinguished  from  the  related  L.  alpcstris,  Nelson,  and 
L.  pscudaparviflorus,  Rydberg  by  its  smaller  size,  more  slender  stems, 
smaller,  narrpwer  leaves,  narrower,  more  condensed  raceme  and 
smaller  flowers,  as  well  as  its  more  alpine  situation.  Often  grow- 
ing in  large  clumps. 

Monida,  June  26,  1902;  Lower  Basin  of  the  Gallatin,  July  8,  1898; 
Head  of  Porcupine  Cr.,  Crazy  Mts.,  July  18,  1902.  Also  collected 
in  the  Yellowstone  Park  at  the  Yellowstone  Falls,  July  8,  1899,  and 
near  the  Norris  Geyser  Basin,  July  7,  1899.  Named  for  Wyatt  W. 
Jones,  whose  collections  have  aided  materially  in  the  representation 
of  the  botany  of  this  region. 

The  slow  means  of  dispersion  of  Lupinus  tends  to  develop  local 
variations  in  many  places  and  only  more  careful  study  in  the  field 
and  herbarium  will  determine  which  are  good  species  and  varieties 
and  which  are  mere  hybrids  or  integrades,  that  the  obscure  na- 
ture of  many  of  the  characters  of  the  genus  now  render  doubtful. 

*Medicago  denticulata,  Willd.  A  bad  weed  in  alfalfa  fields,  oc- 
casionally. Utica  July  29,  1904. 

*Medicago  lupulina,  L.  Occasionally  introduced  as  a  weed. 
Clyde  Park,  July,  1903,  W.  C.  Simcock ;  Columbia  Falls,  Mrs.  I.  M. 
Kennedy;  Bozeman,  Aug.  8,  1904. 


80  MONTANA  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  SCIENCE  STUDIES. 

Oxytropis  Bcsseyi,  (Rydberg)  ;  Aragallus  Bcsseyi,  Rydberg,  Flora, 
250  is  A.  Blankinshipii,  Nelson,  Erythea,  7:58.  The  types  of  both 
were  collected  within  a  few  miles  of  each  other.  The  fruited  speci- 
mens of  Nelson  were  pathogenic,  infected  with  Uredo,  causing  the 
ovary  to  remain  undeveloped  and  an  abnormal  calyx,  the  legume  in 
the  species  usually  exceeding  the  calyx ;  otherwise  they  are  identi- 
cal. 

Oxytropis  Cusickii,  Greenman,  Erythea,  7:116.  (J.  M.  Greenrnan). 
Mt.  above  Stanton  Lake,  Aug.  7,  1894,  R.  S.  Williams.  Hitherto 
known  only  from  the  Wallowa  Mts.,  of  East  Oregon  (Cusick). 

Oxvtropis  multiceps,  Xutt.  Dewey,  June  24,  1902 .  Big  Coulee  Cr., 
Sweet  Grass  Co.,  June  15,  1902. 

Oxytropis  Parry',  Grav.     Our  specimens  have  the  leaves  some- 
what larger,  mainly  elliptical  and  a  sparser  pubescence,  than  ir-  the 
type,  but  otherwise  appear  identical. 
Sperry  Glacier,  8000  ft.,  Sept.,  I,  1903. 

Oxytropis  podocarpa,  Gray.  Just  north  of  Yellow  Mln.,  'JYton 
Co.,  June  21,  1897,  R.  S.  Williams,  1086.  Good  specimens  in  both 
fruit  and  flower. 

Oxytropis  villosa.  ^Rydb.)  ;  Aragallus  rillosus,  Rydberg,  Bull. 
Torr.  Bot.  Club,  28;  36.  "Craig.  1900,  E.  V.  Wilcox,  378." 

Pctalostcmon  mnltiflontm.  Xutt.;  Rydberg,  Flora,  238.  Possibly 
an  immature  form  of  P.  oUgofhylluin.  Rydb.  There  must  be  some  er- 
ror in  referring  P.  multiflorum,  Xutt.  to  Montana,  as  it  has  not 
hitherto  been  found  anywhere  near  our  limits  and  is  a  more  south- 
ern species. 

Pctalostcinon  I'illosinn,  Xutt.  I  question  the  occurrence  of  this 
species  in  the  state,  although  a  specimen  in  the  Gray  Herbarium  is 
labelled  "Montana,  L.  F.  Ward",  but  may  have  come  from  east  of 
our  limits  and  there  are  no  "sand  hills"  (Rydberg,  Flora,  238)  in  the 
state. 

Petalostemon  violaceum  pubescens,  Gray.  This  with  more  pu- 
bescent stem  and  leaflets  is  the  usual  form  in  the  plains  region  of  the 
state,  though  the  typical  glabrous  I'iolaccwii  occurs  sparingly  (Hel- 
ena, E.  X".  Brandegee). 

Bear  Tooth,  Aug.  21,  1898.  E.  X".  Brandegee;  Great  Falls,  July  10, 
1900;  Wibaux,  Aug.  15,  1903;  Fergus  Co.,  F.  A.  Spragg,  1901. 


SUPPLEMENT  TO  THE  FLORA  OF  MONTANA.  81 

Trifoliwn  andinum,  Nutt. ;  Rydberg,  Flora,  235.  Nutall  never 
collected  in  Montana  and  all  specimens  of  his  collection  so  referred 
are  in  error.  He  ascended  the  Missouri  River  with  the  Bradbury 
Expedition  of  1810,  which  did  not  go  beyond  Mercer  Co.,  N.  D-3.U-. 
and  accompanied  the  second  Wyeth  Expedition  of  1834-6,  which 
passed  through  southern  Wyoming,  Utah  and  Idaho,  nearly  on  the 
line  of  the  present  Union  Pacific  Railway.  This  specimen  doubtless 
came  from  the  collection  of  the  latter  expedition,  and  is  not  within 
our  bounds. 

Trifolium  brachypus,  (Wats.)  ;  T.  longipes  brachypus,  Wats.,  Bib. 
Ind.  264,  not  T.  subcaulcsccns,  Gray.  Dwarf,  3-7  cm.  high,  leaves 
shorter  and  less  acuminate  than  in  T.  longipes,  Nutt.  and  peduncles 
shorter;  in  alpine  situations,  near  melting  snow.  Head  of  Cotton- 
v/ood  Cr.,  Tobacco  Root  Range,  9000  ft.,  Aug.  10,  1902. 

Trifolium  latifolium,  Greene,  Pittonia,  3  :223 ;  T.  Ion gi folium  lati- 
folinm,  Hook.  Common  in  coniferous  forests  on  the  river  benches 
in  the  extreme  western  part  of  the  state. 

Thompson  Falls,  Aug.  6,  1901  ;  White  Pine,  Sept.  8,  1904. 

Trifolium  macroccphdum,  Poir. ;  T.  megaccphalum,  Nutt.  Rydberg 
(Flora,  234)  follows  Coulter  (Man.  R.  M.  Bot.  54),  who  accepts 
1'ur-h's  (Fl.  N.  Am.  479)  "At  the  headwaters. of  the  Missouri",  now  a 
part  of  Montana.  The  recent  revision  of  the  collect  ion  of  tho  Lewis 
&  Ckrk  i-. \pedition  (Proc.  Phila.  Acid.  1898:  11-49)  shows  the  ori- 
ginal label  of  this  specimen  to  -have  been  "A  species  of  clover  near 
Fockford  camp,  on  high  hills,.  April  17,  1806",  which  was  the  Rock- 
fort  camp  at  the  Dalles  of  the  Columbia  (Coues,  Lewis  and  Clark  Ex. 
3  :  950-953)  and  nowhere  near  our  limits.  The  species  has  not  been 
found  in  Montana.  Boise,  Idaho  is  the  nearest  locality  yet  found  for 
the  species. 

Trifolium  Montancnsc,  Rydberg,  Flora,  236.  I  doubt  the  possi- 
bility of  separating  this  from  T.  Parryi,  Gray,  as  the  type  of  the  lat- 
ter species  is  the  small  form,  7-10  cm,  high,  and  there  appears  to  be 
'little  relation  between  size  and  leaf-width,  though  the  size  and  length 
of  the  involucral  bracts  correspond  fairly  well.  Moreover,  while 
our  Montana  plants  are  usually  small  with  leaflets  broader  than  in 
the  type  of  Parrvi,  the  narrow  leaved  forms  occur,  as  on  Mt.  Hya- 
li'te,  along  with  the  other  form  and  the  larger  bracted  forms  are  found, 
as  on  the  Spanish  Peaks,  having  the  low  size  and  wid^.-r  leaf. 


MONTANA  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  SCIENCE  STUDIES. 

Trifolium  Parryi,  Gray.    See  T.  Montancnsc  before. 

*Trifolium  procumbens,  L.  The  hop  clover  is  an  occiu-.>n«'il  weed 
in  gardens.  lio^r  man,  Oct.  7,  1903.  Introduced  with  garden  seed. 

*Vicia  sativa,  L.    Introduced  at  Plains,  Aug.  9,  1901. 

MALVACE^. 

:*Hibiscu3  Trionum,  L.  A  weed  occasionally  introduced  in 
gardens.  Bozeman,  Sept.  26,  1901,  Mrs.  A.  B.  Carow. 

Malva  rotundifolia,  L.  Not  infrequent  as  a  weed  in  waste 
places.  Plains,  Aug.  7,  1901. 

Sidalcea  campestris,  Greene,  Bull.  Calif.  Acad.  1 :  77.  In  moun- 
tain meadows  at  Chisholm's  Camp,  head  of  Middle  Cr.,  Gallatin  Co,. 
Aug.,  1888,  Peter  Koch;  same  locality  July  31,  1902.  This  is  a  rare 
species  of  the  Pacific  Coast  west  of  the  Cascades  and  its  occurrence 
here  in  great  abundance  in  an  isolated  mountain  park  is  remarkable. 

VIOLACE^:. 

Viola  arenaria,  DC. ;  V .  canina  puberula,  Wats. ;       V .     uwnticola, 
Rydberg,  Flora,  264.       Small  forms  with  characteristic  incised  stip- 
ules not  rare. 

Rocky  Canon,  Bozeman,  May  26,  1900;  Philipsburg,  May  20,  1903, 
G.  T.  Bramble. 

Viola  aurea,  Kellogg,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  2:  185;  V.  Thorii,  A. 
iSielson,  Bot.  Gaz.  30:  193.  Very  distinct  from  V.  praemorsa,  Dougl. 
with  which  it  has  been  confused  and  its  occurrence  at  this  extreme 
locality  has  led  t6  its  being  regarded  as  a  new  species. 

Bridger  Mts.,  Baldy,  8000  ft.,  June  26,  1899,  in  limestone  "breaks" 
near  the  "saddle" ;  good  typical  specimens ;  same  range  farther  north, 
June  i,  1901,  E.  J.  S.  Moore.  See  V.  praemorsa  below. 

Viola  monticola,  Rydberg,  Flora,  264.  The  characters  separating 
this  from  V.  arenaria,  DC.  will  not  hold  with  our  specimens,  though 
the  stipules  are  often  entire. 

Viola  praemorsa,  Dougl. ;  V.  rallicola,  A.  Nelson,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot. 
Club,  26:  128;  Rydberg,  Flora,  262.  The  redescription  is  doubtless 
•due  to  the  confounding  in  most  books  and  herbaria  of  V.  praemorsa, 
Dougl.  with  V.  aurca,  Kell.  The  former,  as  figured  by  Lindley 
{Bot.  Reg.  t.  1254),  is  clearly  our  common  yellow  spring  violet  here; 
the  leaves  are  identical  and  the  premorse  root  is  characteristic,  but 


SUPPLEMENT  TO  THE  FLORA  OF  MONTANA.  83 

the  figure  shows  the  flowers  larger  and  the  peduncles  longer  than 
the  normal,  due  doubtless  to  cultivation.  V ' .  aurea,  Kellogg.  (Proc. 
Calif.  Acad.  2:185,  fig.  54)  is  quite  a  different  species.  Praemorsa  has 
leaves  entire,  inconspicuously  serrulate  or  somewhat  undulate  and, 
except  one  or  two  of  the  earliest,  pinnately  nerved,  is  much  less  cau- 
line,  and  has  a  praemorse  root  while  aurea  more  frequently  has  pal- 
mately  nerved  and  sinuate-dentate  leaves,  is  decidedly  cauline  and 
lias  a  long  perpendicular,  branching  rootstock.  There  is  a  similar 
confusion  between  V.  praemorsa  and  V .  Nuttallii,  Pursh,  and  Hooker's 
figure  (FI.  Bor.  Am.  i  179)  seems  nearer  V .  flavovirens,  Pollard, 
while  his  var.  major  can  hardly  be  anything  else.  V .  Nuttallii  can 
easily  be  distinguished  by  its  longer,  narrower,  more  tapering  leaves, 
narrowed  into  the  petiole  at  base  and  by  its  long,  deeply  penetrating 
roots,  very  different  from  the  thick,  premorse  root  of  praemorsa. 
The  latter  is  common  in  the  valleys  and  plains  of  the  state  below  5000 
ft.,  passing  above  into  the  mountain  V.  flavovirens,  Pollard,  while 
V.  aurea  is  subalpine  at  8000  feet  and  above.  V.  Nuttallii  occurs  with 
V.  pra'cmorsa,  but  on  dry  sandy  hillsides  and  dry  uplands;  praemorsa 
affecting  the  flats  and  moister  situations. 

Viola  praemorsa  altior,  n.  var.  A  tall,  diffuse  form  of  praemorsa 
with  larger  leaves  on  long  petioles  and  less  cordate  at  base,  stems 
often  produced  and  exceeding  the  leaves  and  roots  often  long  and 
fibrous  like  Nuttallii.  Resembles  V .  'flavovirens  in  leaf  but  is  clearly 
only  a  rank  form  of  praemorsa  growing  in  loose  shady  soil  or  culti- 
vated land.  Bozeman,  June  20,  1899;  Ma7>  18,  1901;  Sweet  Grass 
River  near  Melville,  June  16,  1902;  Lombard,  June  I,  1901. 

Viola  renifolia,  Gray.       In  damp  woods.  Belton,  Aug.  19,  1902. 

Viola  retusa,  Greene,  Pittonia,  4:  6.  Our  specimens  differ  from 
Greene's  description  in  having  the  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves, 
the  petals  white,  varying  to  blue,  and  by  no  means  always  retuse. 
Not  the  same  as  V ' .  cognata,  Greene,  which  is  found  here  about  moun- 
tain brooks  and  springs  in  more  or  less  shady  places. 

In  wet  alkaline  flats  along  Beaver  Cr.,  Wibaux,  May  25,   1902; 
Custer  Station,  May  29,  1890. 

Viola  sarmentosa,  Dougl.  Yellowstone,  July  9,  1802.  "R.  N. 
Brandegee. 


84  MONTANA  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  SCIENCE  STUDIES. 

GERANIACE^:. 

*Erodium  circutarium,  L'Her.  Introduced  from  the  Pacific  coast 
and  frequent  in  localities  below. 

Thompson  Falls,  Aug.  8,  1901 ;  Plains,  June  6,  1902. 

Floerkia  proserpinacoides,  Willd. ;  F.  occidentalis,  Rydberg,  Mora, 
268.     The  characters  separating  occidentalis  from  prosperinacoides  will 
not  ;ir,M  as  to  these  specimens.       Here  a  weak,  decumbent  or  trail- 
ing \:ne,  3-5  dm.  long,  abundant  in  wet  sLd  ly  plac<s. 
Evaro,  June  8,  1902. 

Geranium  nervosum,  Rydb.,  Bull.  Torr.  Dot.  O  ».!-•.  2S:  34.      The 
fact  that  this  is  intermediate  in  character  between  G.  incisiim,  Nutt. 
and  G.  Richardsonii,  F.  &  T.,  is  found  growing  with  those  species  and 
is  :el?r.ively  rare  would  seem  to  indicate  a  hybrid  between  them. 
Flathead  Cr.,  Gallatin  Co.,  July  16,  1902. 

Irnpatiens  aurella,  Ryclberg,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  28:  34..  At  a. 
spring  on  the  road  between  big  Fork  and  Swan  Lake,  Mission  Mts., 
Aug.  n,  1894, .Millie  M.  Smith.  Fairly  typical,  having  the  salient 
toothed  leaves  and  the  small,  narrow,  deep  yellow  flowers  and  long" 
recurved  spur  of  that  species. 

Irnpatiens  biflora,  Walt.  These  appear  to  have  the  small  flow- 
evs  .;nd  often  unspotted  corola  of  /.  aurella,  Rydberg  (Bull.  Torr.  Po*. 
Citi'b,  28:  34),  but  the  leaves  are  crenate  serrate  and  in  other  respects 
resemble  biflora. 

Prickly-Pear  Canon,  July  23,  1887,  R.  S.  Williams,  688;  Wood- 
lawn,  Sept.  10,  1899,  E.  N.  Brandegee;  Child's  Ranch,  July  29,  1898, 
E.  N.  Brandegee. 

Irnpatiens  ecalcarata,  n.  sp. 

9-12  dm.  high:  leaves  ovate  to  ovate-elliptical,  about  10  cm.  long 
by  5  wide  on  petioles  of  equal  length,  usually  acute  at 
base  and  apex,  distantly  serrate-dentate,  teeth  and  apex 
mucronate,  light  green  above,  paler  beneath,  thin :  cymes 
2-6  flowered  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves ;  bracts  linear- 
lanceolate,  3  mm.  long:  flowers  12-15  mm.  long  and  nearly  as  wide, 
orange  or  pale-yellow,  unspotted,  the  saccate  sepal  shallow  and 
rounded  at  base,  spurless,  about  13  mm.  long  and  10  deep,  lateral 
sepals  oblique-elliptical,  hooked  cuspidate  at  apex,  6  mm.  long:  petals 


SUPPLEMENT  TO  THE  FLORA  OF  MONTANA.  85 

5,  the  lower  lateral  irregular,  12-14  mm-  long,  the  upper  lateral  ob- 
lanceolate,  rounded  at  apex,  6  mm.  long,  upper  (anterior)  petal  or- 
bicular to  reniform,  notched  at  apex:  capsule  18  mm.  long,  2-4  wide, 
irregularly  nodulose. 

Near  /.  aurea,  Muhl.,  but  differs  from  that  species  in  its  ovate, 
serrate-dentate  leaves  and  its  smaller  spurless  flowers,  in  which  it 
approximates  /.  aurella,  Rydberg  but  has  the  saccate  sepal  very  dif- 
ferent. 

Found  in  abundance  along  the  damp  shady  margin  of  a  small 
stream  about  half  a  mile  east  of  Plains,  Missoula  county,  Aug.  9, 
1901.  A  similar  specimen  collected  by  Dr.  Lyall  in  the  "Columbia 
Valley,  1860"  has  been  referred  to  /.  bi flora  by  Trelease,  as  was  a  re- 
lated form  found  on  "moist  shady  banks  near  the  Missouri  River, 
Montana,  alt.  3600  ft.,  Sept.  7;  1883"  by  F.  L.  Scribner  (No.  18),  but 
this  latter  specimen  does  not  exhibit  the  characteristic  serrate  den- 
tation of  the  leaves  and  has  shorter  petioles.  The  altitude  given 
would  place  this  locality  in  the  vicinity  of  Hilger's  at  the  Gate  of 
the  Mountains.  [PLATE  I,  C  and  D]. 

*Tropaeolum  peregrinum,  L.  Canary-Bird  Flower.  -  Not  rare- 
ly escaped  from  ornamental  cultivation.  Helena,  E.  N.  Brandegee. 

LINAGES. 
Linum  rigidum  tenerrimum,  n.  var. 

Tall  and  slender,  diffusely  branching  above  with  long  internodes, 
about  3  dm.  high:  leaves  2-3  cm.  long:  capsules  larger  and  more 
-acute :  sepals  longer,  more  attenuate  and  persistent  than  the  type. 

This  tall,  diffuse  form  is  very  different  in  appearance  from  the 
low,  rigid,  more  common  plant  of  the  dry  upland,  but  is  frequently 
found  with  it  and  intergrades  are  common.  The  variety  is  more 
usual  in  low  situations. 

Big  Horn  River,  June  15,  1890;  Custer  Co.,  July  I,  1892,  Mrs.  J. 
E.  Light ;  Wibaux,  July  9,  1901 ;  Rainbow  Falls  of  the  Missouri, 
July  12,  1888,  R.  S.  Williams,  145  in  part. 

*Linum  usitatissimum,  L.  The  cultivated  flax  is  fre- 
quently persistent  in  old  fields. 

Bozeman,  July  22,  1898;  Wibaux,  Aug.  15,  1903. 

EUPHORBIACE^:. 

Euphorbia  Arkansana  Missouriensis,  Norton,  Rep.  Mo.  Bot. 
Card.,  11:104;  E.  dictyospcrma,  Rydberg,  Flora,  267,  and  authors  as 
to  the  Montana  specimens.  Frequent  in  the  eastern  plains. 


86  MONTANA  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  SCIENCE  STUDIES. 

E.  dictyospcrma,  F.  &  M.     See  last  above. 

Euphorbia  maculata,  L.     A  nearly  glabrous  form  approaching  E. 
serpyllifolia,  Pers.,  but  with  characteristic  spotted  leaves. 
Forsyth,  July  24,  1900. 

Euphorbia  petaloidea,  Engelm.  Wibaux,  July  9,  1901 ;  Tusler, 
July  7,  1901. 

Euphorbia  serpens,  HBK.  Great  Falls,  Oct.  24,  1886,  R.  S.  Wil- 
liams, 160,  in  part;  Miles  City,  Aug.  16,  1903. 

CALLITRICHACEJE. 

Callitriche  Bolanderi,  Hegelm.  A  species  close  to  C.  palnstris,  L. 
but  larger,  with  larger,  rhombic-ovate  leaves  and  styles  longer  than 
the  fruit.  Apparently  not  hitherto  reported  east  of  the  Cascade 
Mountains,  so  its  occurrence  here  on  the  Continental  Divide  is  sur- 
prising. Bernice,  Sept.  7,  1900,  6000  ft. 

ANACARDIACE/E. 

Rhus  occidentalis,  (Torr.)  ;  R.  glabra  occidcntalis,  Torrey,  Bot. 
AVilkes  Exp.  257;  R.  glabra,  Rydberg,  Flora,  479.  Differs  from 
R.  gtabra,  L.  in  its  longer  (3-4  dm.),  less  spreading  leaves,  usually 
larger  number  of  leaflets  (15-19),  which  are  less  acutely  serrate  and 
decidedly  less  glaucus  beneath,  shorter  calyx  and  linear-oblong 
anthers.  It  is  also  separated  in  range  vrom  I\.  glabra,  not  being 
found  east  of  the  Continental  Divide,  so  that  with  the  characters 
given,  it  appears  to  be  a  good  species.  Extends  from  Washington 
eastward  up  the  Clark's  Fork  into  Montana,  but  very  local  in  distri- 
bution in  the  valley  of  that  stream,  as  if  introduced.  It  occurs  at 
Ravalli,  Jocko  and  Paradise  Valley. 

Rhus  Toxicodendron,  L.     Occurs    in    the    typical    form,    both 
shrubby  and  climbing  and  should  be  included  in  our  flora,  even  if 
the  dwarf  form  (R.Rydbergii,  Small)  be  regarded  as  distinct. 
Kalispell,  July  21,  1900. 

AGERACE^E; 

Acer  Douglasii,  Hook.;  A.  glabrum  Douglasii,  Piper.  Not  in- 
frequent in  the  forests  west  of  the  Divide,  sometimes  attaining  a 
diameter  of  six  inches.  Distinguished  from  the  common  shrub  mapie 
(A.  glabrum,  Torr.)  by  being  a  medium-sized  tree,  by  its  larger  leaves 
(8-12  cm.  long)  and  larger  fruit.  Belton,  July  27,  1900. 


SUPPLEMENT  TO  THE  FLORA  OF  MONTANA.  87 

Acer  glabrum  tripartitum,  Pax.  ;  Rydberg,  Flora,  270.  Whatever 
may  be  the  validity  of  this  variety  elsewhere,  its  occurrence  in  Mon- 
tana is  doubtful,  though  the  young  shoots  of  A.  glabrum  are  not 
rarely  trifoliate,  and  occasionally  there  is  a  similar  tendency  in  the 
foliage  of  the  whole  shrub,  such  sporting  forms  are  so  rare  and  fol- 
iage so  mixed  on  the  same  shrub  that  they  can  hardly  be  called  even 
a  variety  in  this  region. 

Acer  grandidentatum,  Nutt.  Described  from  a  specimen  collec- 
ed  by  Nuttall  on  the  "Bear  River  of  Timpanagos"  in  southwestern 
Wyoming  or  southeastern  Idaho  —  not  "N.  Montana,"  as  in  the  Syn. 
Fl.  i  :  440;  Sargent,  Sylva,  2  :  100;  Rydberg,  Flora,  270  and  elsewhere, 
for  Nuttall  never  was  in  the  present  limits  of  the  state  of  Montana. 
See  remarks  under  Trifolum  andinum,  Nutt.  (p.  81).  "Headwaters 
of  the  Columbia  River"  locality  arose  from  the  reference  of  a  speci- 
men of  A.  barbatum,  Dougl.  collected  in  "Valleys  near  springs  on  the 
west  side  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  near  the  sources  of  the  Columbia" 
(Torr.  &  Gray,  Fl.  N.  Am.  i  :  248)  from  Hooker  (Fl.  Bor.  Am.  I  : 
113),  a  specimen  which  Hooker  afterwards  renamed  correctly  A. 
Douglasii  (Lond.  Jour.  Bot.  6:  77),  so  all  references  of  the  species  to 
Montana  are  in  error.  A.  grandidentatum  ranges  northward  to  Evan- 
ston,  Wyo.  (Nelson)  and  Pocatello,  Idaho  (Henderson). 


Ampelopsis  quinquefolia,  Michx.  Often  in  ornamental  cultiva- 
tion, apparently  indigenous  along  the  Missouri  and  lower  Yellow- 
stone. Poplar,  July  12,  1900;  Arden,  July  15,  1900;  Glendive,  1903. 

Vitis  vulpina,  L.  Not  infrequent  in  the  bottoms  of  the  Little 
Big  Horn  River  and  reported  thence  down  the  Big  Horn  and  Yel- 
lowstone Rivers. 

Crow  Agency,  July  15,  1901. 

LOASACE^ 

Mentzelia  nuda,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Probably  not  rare  in  the  sandy 
eastern  plains.  Miles  City,  Aug.  16,  1903. 

LYTHRACE^E. 

Ammannia  alcalina,  n.  sp. 

A  low  annual,  8-12  cm.  high,  glabrous,  divaricately  branching  from 
the  base  :  leaves  oblanceolate,  narrowed  abruptly  to  an  acute  or  ob- 
tuse apex,  sessile  and  somewhat  auriculate  at  base,  often  purplish, 


£8  MONTANA  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  SCIENCE  STUDIES. 

2-3  cm.  long:  flowers  1-3  in  each  axil,  apparently  apetalous,  stamens 
4,  included;  style  much  less  than  half  the  length  of  capsule,  I  mm. 
long,  often  nearly  sessile :  capsule  globose,  4  mm.  diameter,  enclosed 
'by  the  prominently  8-veined  calyx.  In  wet  alkali  flats. 
-  T-ske  Bowdoin,  near  Malta,  Aug.  25,  1903;  Milk  River,  Aug.  19, 
"(1853-4),  Suckley  (Gray  Herb.). 

Differs  from  A.  coccinea,  Rottb.  in  its  small  size,  stem  not  fleshy  at 
base,  leaves  usually  wider  and  more  abrupt  at  apex  and  short  style. 
More  nearly  related  to  A.  Koehnci,  Britton,  but  much  smaller,  apeta- 
lous and  of  different  range.  The  Milk  River  specimens  of  Suckley 
are  called  A.  lati  folia,  L.  by  Watson  (Bot.  Calif.  1:214).  A  related 
specimen  from  the  Columbia  River,  Oregon  (Suksdorf),  but  petal- 
iferous,  is  called  A.  coccinea,  Rottb.  by  Koehne,  even  though  the 
styles  are  less  than  one-fourth  the  length  of  the  capsule  (Gray 
Herb.). 

ONAGRACE^:. 

Epilobium  palustre,  L.  Mountain  near  Columbia  Falls,  Aug. 
20,  1904,  R.  S.  Williams. 

OEnothera  andina,  Nutt. ;  Sphaerostigma  andimim,  Walp. ;  Ryd- 
berg,  Flora,  281,  and  various  authors;  apparently  not  yet  found  in 
Montana.  The  Blackfoot  River,  where  Nuttall  collected  it,  is  in 
southeastern  Idaho.  It  should  occur  in  this  state,  as  Macoun  has 
it  from  several  localities  in  Assiniboia,  just  north. 

OEnothera  brachycarpa,  Gray.  Watson,  Rev.  Oen.,  Proc.  Atner 
Acad.  8:586;  Coulter,  Man.  R.  M.  Bot.,  104;  Small,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot. 
Club,  23:183,  and  others,  following  Watson,  who  seems  to  base  his 
assertion  on  a  specimen  in  the  Gray  Herbarium  collected  in  Mon- 
tana by  Winslow  J.  Howard  about  1866,  which  is  corcainly  only  an 
rnfruited  specimen  of  OE.  caespitosa,  Nutt.  and  is  mounted  on  a  sheet 
with  OE.  Wrightii,  Gray.  The  two  may  be  easily  distinguished  by 
the  larger  flowers,  winged  fruit  and  dense  canescence  of  Oil.  bntcJiv- 
(arpa  and  the  smaller  flowers,  usually  tuberculate,  cristate  fruit  and 
nearly  glabrous  leaves  of  caespitosa.  OE.  brachycarpa  is  a  much 
more  southern  species. 

OEnothera  deprcssa,  Greene,  Pittonia,  2:216.  See  OE.  nniricata  be- 
low, i 

OEnothera  muricata,  L.,  Syst.  12  ed,  263;  OE.  bicnnis  mnricata, 
Lindl.,  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1604;  OE.  deprcssa,  Greene,  Pittonia,  2:  216; 
Onagra  deprcssa,  Small,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  23  :i7o;  Rydberg,  Flora, 


SUPPLEMENT   TO  THE  FLORA  OF   MONTANA.  89 

279;  0.  strigosa,  Rydberg,  Flora,  278.  This  is  the  common  strigose, 
muricate,  western  form  of  OE.  bioinis,  L.  and,  as  it  has  a  distinct 
range  from  the  type  and  well  marked  characters,  had  best  be  regard- 
ed as  a  species.  Greene's  OE.  deprcssa  was  grown  in  the  botanic 
.garden  at  Berkeley,  California  from  seeds  of  the  common  erect  Mon- 
tana plant,  collected  by  myself  at  Custer  Station,  Aug.  19,  1890  and 
which  is  still  in  my  herbarium  and  differs  in  no  respect  from  the 
0.  strigosa,  Rydb.  The  peculiar  form  6f ,,the  plant  described  by 
Greene  is  due  to  cultivation  and  new  climatic  conditions.  Here 
an  erect  annual  or  biennial  in  low  ground  and  occasionally  a  weed 
in  fields  and  waste  places,  like  OE.  bicnnis,  L. 

OEnothera  strigosa,  (Rydberg),  Flora,  278.  See  OE.  niuricata 
above. 

UMBELLIFER^:. 

Angelica  Dawsoni,  Wats. ;  Thaspinm  aureum  involucratum,  Coulter 
&  Rose.  Columbia  Falls,  July  12  &  Aug.  18,  1894,  R.  S.  Williams; 
Borax,  Aug.  8,  1901. 

Angelica  Roseana,  Henderson,  Cont.  Nat.  Herb.  5:201;  1.  c.  7: 
159.  Tree  limit,  Spanish  Peaks,  July  20,  1901,  Jacob  Vogel ;  Head 
of  Cottonwood  Cr.,  Tobacco  Root  Range,  9000  ft.,  Aug.  10,  1902. 

Bupleurum  purpureum,  n.  sp. 

B.  ramtnculoidcs,  A.  Nelson,  (?)  Bull.  Wyo.  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.  28:115. 

Perennial  from  a  long  ligneous  rootstock,  branched  above  and 
producing  about  three  (1-5)  erect  or  somewhat  spreading  stems 
3-10  cm.  high;  glabrous  and  somewhat  glaucus:  basal  leaves  numer- 
ous, linear-lanceolate,  2-5  cm.  long  and  3-6  mm.  wide ;  cauline  one 
to  three,  shorter  and  wider,  sessile  and  more  or  less  clasping,  ovate- 
oblong  to  elliptical,  2-5  cm.  long,  not  prominently  nerved :  involucre 
of  4-5  ovate,  acute,  unequal  bracts;  those  of  the  involucels  about  6, 
obovate  to  elliptical  and  relatively  wide  and  obtuse,  rarely  acute, 
3-nerved:  primary  rays  of  umbel  about  5,  unequal,  2-12  mm.  long; 
secondary  rays  10-12  very  short;  umbels  5-7  mm.  diameter:  flowers 
about  half  as  large  (1-2  mm.)  as  in  B.  Aincricaniun  ;  petals  and  sty- 
lopodium  dark  purple,  rarely  yellow,  anthers  yellow:  carpel  with 
prominent  ribs  and  well-marked  strengthening  cells,  oil-tubes  1-3, 
usually  3,  in  each  interval. 

Xot  infrequent  in  alpine  situations  and  appears  to  intergrade  with 
J3,  Amcricannm  in  intermediate  altitudes.  It  is  readily  distinguished 


90  MONTANA  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  SCIENCE  STUDIES. 


PLATE  III. 


B 


BUPLEURUN  PURPUREUM,  BLANKINSHIP. 

A.     Plant  natural  size.  C.     Fruit  X  15. 


B.    Flower  X  15. 


E.     Bracts  of  ir  volucel  X  5. 


H.     Mericarp,  section  X  1~, 


SUPPLEMENT  TO  THE  FLORA  OF"  MONTANA.  91 

from  this  species  by  its  low,  subcaulescent  habit,  shorter  leaves,  the 
wider,  obtuse  bracts  of  the  involucels,  smaller  heads,  smaller,  dark 
purple  flowers,  shorter  mericarps  with  fewer  oil-tubes  in  the  inter- 
vals and  its  alpine  situation. 

Mt.  Hyalite,  Gallatin  Co.,  10,000  ft.  alt.,  Aug.  I,  1902;  Black  Butte, 
Tobacco  Root  Range,  10,000  ft.  alt.,  Aug.  n,  1902;  Bridger  Mts. 
9,000  ft.  alt.,  Aug.  29,  W.  W.  Jones.  [PLATE  III.J 

Carum  montanum,  n.  sp. 

Roots  fusiform,  fascicled,  fleshy:  stems  erect,  8-12  dm.  high, 
glabrous  and  channeled:  leaves  with  wide  inflated,  clasping  petioles, 
2-3  dm.  long,  odd-pinnate  with  about  5  pairs  of  leaflets ;  leaflets  ir- 
regularly cleft  into  several  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  acuminate  di- 
\ergent  divisions,  4-8  cm.  long  and  5-10  mm.  wide;  uppermost  usual- 
ly simply  pinnate  with  linear-lanceolate  leaflets;  umbels  13-17  rayed; 
primary  rays  2-4^  cm.  long,  secondary  4-8  mm. ;  involucre  of  2-4 
filiform  bracts,  5-10  mm.  long;  involucels  of  short  linear  bractlets, 
as  in  C.  Gairdneri:  petals  prominent  and  sepals  evident,  as  long  as 
the  stylopodium,  the  latter  depressed  conical  and  style  I  mm.  long: 
the  oil-tubes  large  and  solitary  in  the  intervals:  fragrant. 

Distinguished  from  C.  Gairdneri,  Gray  by  its  larger  size,  larger 
leaves  and  pinnately  incised  leaflets  with  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate 
segments,  its  larger  fruit  and  longer  styles.  Near  C.  Oreganumf 
Wats,  from  which  it  is  separated  by  its  long,  lanceolate  incised  leaf- 
lets, short  linear  bractlets  of  the  involucels  and  its  larger  size. 

In  low  thickets,  Bozeman,  Aug.  n,  1898;  Flathead-Brackett  Cr.> 

Divide,  Aug.  18,  1899;  Hills  of  Lapwai,  Clearwater  Valley,  Idaho, 

June  18,  1895,  L.  F.  Henderson,  4868  (Gray  Herb.).  [PLATE  IV]. 

Conioselinum  scopulorum,  Coult.  &  Rose ;  Ligusticum  scopulornm. 
Gray.  Borax,  Coeur  D'Alene  Mts.,  5500  ft.,  Aug.  8,  1901,  in  low 
ground. 

Cymopterus  Parryi,  Jones;  Coulter  &  Rose,  Cont.  Nat.  Herb.  7: 
182.  "Gallatin  Co.,  Tweedy,  May,  1888". 

Cymopterus  tcrebinthinus,  Rydberg,  Flora,  292,  is  Pterixia  thap- 
soides,  Nutt. 

Glycosma  ambigua,  Gray;  Washingtonia  ambigua,  Coult.  &  Rose. 
Broadwater  swamp,  Helena,  June  u,  1898,  E.  N.  Brandegee. 

Osmbrrhisa  divaricata,  (Rydberg) ;  Washingtonia  divaricata, 
Rydberg,  Flora,  290,  is  0.  obtusa,  Fernald  (Wash- 
ingtonia obtnsa,  Coult.  &  Rose,  Cont.  Nat.  Herb.  7:64). 


MONTANA  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  SCIENCE  STUDIES. 


PLATE  IV. 


B 


CARUM  MONTANUM,  BLANhlNSHIP. 

A.     Lower  leaf  half  natural  size.  B.     Fruit  X  12. 


C.    Same,  section. 


SUPPLEMENT  TO  THE  FLORA  OF  MONTANA.  93 

Rydberg  transposing  this  and  0.  divaricata,  Ntitt.  and  redescribing 
the  latter  as  Washingtonia  intermedia,  Rydberg,  Flora,  289.  The  true 
0.  divaricata,  Nutt.  is  rare  in  Montana. 

Osmorrhiza  intermedia,  (Rydberg)  ;  Washingtonia  intermedia,  Ryd- 
berg, Flora,  289,  is  6.  divaricata,  Nutt. 

Osmorrhiza  Leibergii,  (Coult.  &  Rose)  ;  Washingtonia  Lcibergii, 
Coult.  &  Rose,  Cont.  Nat.  Herb.  7:66.  Camp  below  Sperry  Glacier, 
6,000  ft.,  Sept.  i,  1903. 

Osmorrhiza  obtusa,  Fernald ;  Washingtonia  obtusa,  Coult.  &  Rose ; 
W.  divaricata,  Rydberg,  Flora,  290.  Frequent  in  the  state  in  low 
shady  places. 

Peucedanum  circumdatum,  Rydberg,  Flora,  286,  is  P.  montanum  t 
(Coult.  &  Rose).  The  true  P.  circumdatum,  Wats,  is  found  only  west- 
ward of  our  limits. 

Peucedanum  Cous,  Rydberg,  Flora,  285,  is  P.  montanum  (Coult. 
&  Rose,  Cont.  Nat.  Herb.  7:215),  as  to  the  Montana  specimens. 

Peucedadum  Cusickii,  Wats.  Beaverhead  Co.,  near  Dewey,  7,000 
ft.,  near  melting  snow,  June  24,  1902.  Although  the  specimens  are 
without  mature  fruit  and  the  flowers  seem  yellow  on  drying,  the  small 
size,-  finely  dissected,  glabrous  leaves  and  glabrous  stem  will  hardly 
permit  its  being  placed  elsewhere. 

Peucedanum  montanum,  (Coult.  &  Rose)  ;  Lomatium  montanum, 
Coult.  &  Rose,  Cont.  Nat.  Herb.  7:215;  Peucedanum  circumdatum,  Ryd- 
berg, Flora,  286;  P.  Cous,  Rydberg,  Flora,  285  in  part.  Common  in 
Jhe  mountainous  parts  of  the  state.  The  acaulescent  form  is  now 
separated  from  the  caulescent  P.  circumdatum,  Wats.,  as  P.  montanum. 

Peucedanum  orientale,  (Coult.  &  Rose)  ;  Lomatium  orientate, 
Coult  &  Rose,  Cont.  Nat.  Herb.  7 :22O.  Custer  Station,  Apr.  24  and 
May  3,  1890;  Miles  City,  May  26,  1902.  Dry  uplands. 

Pterixia  thapsoides,  Nutt. ;  Cymoptcrus  tcrcbinthimts,  Rydberg, 
Flora,  292.  Common  on  dry  hillsides  in  the  mountains,  3-5000  ft. 
Difficult  to  distinguish  from  P.  tcrebinthina.  "Leaf-segments  green- 
er and  not  so  rigid,"  can  be  said  only  of  the  species  in  flower,  as 
in  mature  fruit  the  leaves  are  quite  as  pale  and  rigid  as  in  P.  terebin- 
thina,  though  the  fruit  is  characteristic. 

Bozeman,  May  14,  1900;  Flathead-Brackett  Cr.  Divide,  Aug.  18, 


94  MONTANA  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  SCIENCE  STUDIES. 


1899;  Helena,  June  15,  1899,  E.  X.  Brandegee. 

Zizia  aurea,  Koch.  Flathead-Brackett  Cr.  Divide,  Aug.  18, 
1899:  Arrow  Cr.,  R.  S.  Williams,  Sept.  1886,  Coulter  &  Rose,  Cont. 
Nat.  Herb.  7:91. 


CORNACE^. 

Cornus  Baileyi,  Court.  &  Evans,  Bot.  Gaz.  15  137.  This  is  the  com- 
mon dogwood  west  of  the  Divide,  C.  stolonifcra,  Michx.  being  there 
much  mor,e  rare.  It  is  easily  distinguished  from  the  latter  by  its 
larger  size  (often  8  feet  or  more  high),  brownish-green  bark, 'pur- 
plish only  on  the  younger  twigs;  large  (7  x  12  cm.),  broadly  ovate 
leaves,  somewhat  woolly  pubescent  below,  and  fruit  with  a  peculiar 
broad  flat  seed.  Forms  with  nearly  orbicular  flattened  and  pointed 
seeds  occur,  but  otherwise  like  the  type.  The  seeds  of  C.  stolonifcra 
in  Montana  are  nearly  always  strongly  oblique. 

Belton,  July  27,  1900;  Troy,  July  25,  1900;  Columbia  Falls,  Sept. 
1 6,  1892,  R.  S.  Williams. 

ERICACE^. 

Gaultheria  Myrsinites,  Hook.  Spanish  Peaks,  8-9000  ft.,  Sept. 
20,  1901,  Jacob  Vogel;  Mt.  Hyalite.  10,000  ft.,  Aug.  i,  1902. 

Menzicsia  urccolaris,  Rydberg,  Flora,  297,  is  M.  glabclla,  Gray.  It 
is  clearly  an  error  to  refer  nrceolaris  to  Montana.  Collections  made  in 
Dearly  every  part  of  the  state  fail  to  show  it  and  the  specimen  Ryd- 
berg cites  (Kelsey,  Granite,  1902)  is  good  M.  glabclla,  Gray,  though 
its  filaments  are  glabrous,  like  most  other  species  of  glabclla  in  the 
state.  The  leaves  and  young  parts  of  the  true  urccolaris  are  strigose- 
hirsute,  the  leaves  more  acute  and  the  flowers  nearly  twice  as  large 
a?,  in  glabella. 

Phyllodocc  hybrida,  Rydberg  and    F.  intermedia,  Rydberg,  Flora, 
298,  appear  to  be,  as  the  author  suggests,  mere  hybrids  between 
Bryant  hus  cnipctrifonnis.  Gray,  and  B.  glanduliflorus ,  Gray,  as  they  oc- 
cur only  where  these  two  species  are  growing  together  and  their 
characters  are  intermediate  between  them. 

Pyrola  bracteata,  Hook. ;  P.  rotundifolia  bractcata,  Gray.  Easily 
distinguished  from  P.  uliginosa,  Torr..  by  its  taller,  red  scapes,  large 
bracts  and  denticulate,  acutish  leaves. 


SUPPLEMENT   TO  THE  FLORA  OF  MONTANA.  95 

Belton,  Aug.  21,  1903,  L.  M.  Umbach,  723;  Big  Fork,  Aug.  11, 
1901,  L.  M.  Umbach,  143;  Summit,  Sept.  12,  1902. 

Pyrola  secunda  pumila,  Paine.  Smaller  than  the  type;  the  lat- 
ter found  mainly  west  of  the  Divide  ;  frequent. 

Lower  Basin  of  the  Gallatin,  6000  ft.,  July  7,  1898;  Spanish  Basin, 
Aug.  25,  1899;  Middle  Cr.  Canyon,  6506  ft.,  July  31,  1902;  Gould, 
Oct.,  1902,  Owen  Byrnes,  71;  Indian  Cr.,  July  21,  1897,  8000  ft., 
Rydberg  &  Bessey,  4646;  Jack  Cr.  Canyon,  July  15,  1897,  7000  ft., 
Rydberg  &  Bessey,  4644. 

Vaccinium  caespitosum  arbuscula,  Gray ;  V .  arbuscula,  Howell, 
Fl.  N.  W.  Am.  411.  Our  form  has  narrow,  oblanceolate,  acute  leaves, 
but  appears  to  belong  here.  Forms  appear  to  pass  into  V.  myrtil- 
Icridcs,  Hook.,  with  which  Rydberg  seems  to  have  placed  it. 

Evaro,  June  8,  1902 ;  Gallatin  Co.,  Mrs.  M.  L.  Alderson ;  Belt  Park, 
Aug.  16,  1886,  R.  S.  Williams,  538. 

Vaccinium  Canadense,  Kalm.     In  open  woodlands. 
Belton,  Aug.  19,  1903,  L.  M.  Umbach ;  Aug.  19,  1902. 

Vaccinium  crythrococcum,  Rydberg,  Flora,  301 ;  V.  Myrtillus  micro- 
phyllitm,  Hook.  Must  give  place  to  V.  scoparium,  Leiberg,  below. 

Vaccinium  Myrtillus,  L.  Frequent  in  the  mountains,  but  at 
<i  somewhat  lower  altitude  (5-8000  ft.)  than  V.  scoparium,  Lieberg, 
with  which  it  intergrades. 

Porcupine  Cr.,  Crazy  Mts.,  8000  ft.,  July  18,  1902;  Tobacco  Root 
Range,  8000  ft.,  Aug.  9,  1902 ;  Columbia  Falls,  Aug.  30,  1895,  R.  S. 
Williams,  492;  Belt  Park,  Aug.  13,  1886,  R.  S.  Williams,  492. 

Vaccinium  scoparium,  Leiberg,  Cont.  Nat.  Herb.  5:  103;  V. 
cr \thrococcum,  Rydberg.  Common  on  shady  mountain  slopes. 

PRIMULACEyE. 

Primula  Americana,  Rydberg,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  28:500. 
Separated  from  the  European  P.  farinosa,  L. 


Erythraea  Douglasii,  Gray.      Big  Horn  River  near  Custer  Sta- 
tion, Aug.  24,  1890. 

Frasera  speciosa  angustifolia,  Rydberg,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club, 
31  :  632.      "Lima,  1895,  Shear,  3369." 


96  MONTANA  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  SCIENCE  STUDIES. 

OLEACE^E. 

Fraxinus  viridis,  Michx.  The  green  ash  is  common  along  the 
lower  Yellowstone  River  from  the  Big  Horn  River  eastward  and 
down  the  Missouri  from  Hinsdale.  Crow  Agency,  July  15,  1901; 
Arden,  July  15,  1900;  Poplar,  July  12,  1900. 

CONVOLVULACE/E. 

Cuscuta  Epithymum,  Murr.  Parasitic  on  alfalfa;  probably  in- 
troduced from  Utah.  Livingston,  Aug.  8,  1898,  and  other  localities. 

Cuscuta  inflexa,  Engelm.  Parasitic  on  Sali.v  and  Glycyrrhiza. 
lepidota  along  the  banks  of  the  Missouri.  Poplar,  July  T2,  190,0 ; 
Glasgow,  July  17,  1900,  on  Salix;  Great  Falls,  July  10,  190^.  on  G7y- 
cyrrhisa  lepidota. 

E  volvulus  argenteus,  Pursh.  Big  Horn  River  near  -Gustcr  Sta- 
tion, July  2,  1890;  Billings,  June  3*0,  1902. 

Ipomoea  leptophylla,  Torr.  Big  Horn  River,  near  Custer  Sta- 
tion, Aug.  10,  1890.  Dry  hillsides,  not  infrequent  there. 

HYDROPHYLLACE2E. 

Romanzoffia  Sitchensis,  Bongard.  Mt.  Henry,  Teton  Co.,  Aug. 
15,  1897,  R.  S.  Williams;  Sperry  Glacier,  8000  ft.,  Sept.  -I,  1903,  in 
spray  of  falls;  Stanton  Lake,  7500  ft.,  Aug.  7,  1894,  R.  S.  Williams, 

.032. 

BORRAGINACE^:. 

*Cynoglossum  officinale,  L.  Big  Timber,  July,  1900,  V.  K. 
Chesnut;  July  13,  1901.  A  weed  in  waste  places;  infrequent. 

Hthotropium  spathulatum,  Rydberg,  Bull.  Torr.  Pol.  Club. 
30:262.  Separated  from  H.  Curassaricitin,  L.,  and  includes  all  the 
Montana  specimens. 

Krinitzkia  pustulata,  n.  n. ;  Orcocarya  of  finis,  Greene,  not  Krin- 
it"*',a  af finis.  Gray.  Resembles  K.  gloincnita.  Gray,  but  easily  distin- 
guished by  its  larger  size,  its  coarse  hispid  pubescence  with  promin- 
ent pustulate-based  hairs,  its  more  spreading  scorpoid  racemes  and 
its  narrower,  tuberculate  (not  rugose)  nutlets.  A  species  of  the 
eastern  plains,  while  K.  gloincrata  is  more  frequent  in  the  mountains 
;md  foothills. 


SUPPLEMENT  TO  THE  FLORA  OF  MONTANA.  97 

Wibaux,  July  9,  1901;  Glendive,  July  9,  1901;  Arden,  July  15, 
^900;  Culbertson,  June  n,  1901;  Billings,  July  7,  1902;  Trail  Cr.. 
Park  Co.,  July  2,  1899;  Livingston,  July,  1886,  F.  Tweedy,  1172. 

Lappula  trachyphylla,  Piper,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  29:540. 
"Winslow  J.  Howard  in  Montana." 

*Lithosperum  arvense,  L.  Bozeman,  June  11,  1901,  W.  W.  Jones. 

Mertensia  membranacea,  Rydberg,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  28:33; 
M.  paniculate,  Rydberg,  Flora,  336.  "Electric  Peak,  1897,  Rydberg 
&  Bessey,  4864." 

Mertensia  paniculata,  Rydberg,  Flora,  336,  is  M'.  membranacea, 
Rydberg,  above. 

Mertensia  subpnbcsccns,  Rydberg,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  30:  261. 
To  segregate  this  from  M.  Sibcrica,  Don  merely  on  leaf  pubescence 
is  questionable,  unless  there  be  some  biological  factor  of  range,  habi- 
tat or  period  of  blooming  to  separate  them,  which  is  doubtful. 

Myosotis  macrosperma,  Engelm.  Big  Fork,  June  29,  1902,  M.  J. 
Elrod. 

*Symphytum  officinale,  L.  Streets  and  waste  places,  intro- 
duced; rare.  Bozeman,  July  13,  1898. 

VERBENACE/E. 

Verbena  stricta,  Vent.  Frequent  in  the  bottoms  along  the 
Little  Big  Horn  River  at  the  Crow  Agency,  July  14,  1901. 

LABIATE. 

*Hyssopus  officinalis,  L.       Escaped  from  gardens ;  infrequent. 
Kalispell,  July  21,   1900. 

*Lamium  amplexicaule,  L.       Occasional  as  a  weed  in  gardens. 
Ennis,  Aug.  20,  1900. 

Lycopus  Virginicus,  L.  In  sphagnum  bogs  at  the  head  of  Lake 
McDonald,  Aug.  29,  1903,  L.  M.  Umbach.  There  common. 

*Nepeta  Glechoma,  Benth.  Occasionally  escaped  from  ornamen- 
tal cultivation.  Livingston,  May  24,  1892,  Miss  E.  Gay;  Bozeman 
1902. 

*Salvia  lanceolata,  Wilid.     Streets  of  Helena,  introduced. 
Sept.  19,  1903;  Sept.  to,  1898,  E.  N.  Brandegee. 


98         .  MONTANA  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  SCIENCE  STUDIES. 

SOLANACEJE. 

*Hyoscyamus  niger,   L.       A  weed  in  the  streets  and  waste 
places  introduced.      Billings,  E.  V.  Wilcox,  May,  iq-x:;  Big  Timberr 
June  15,  1900,  V.  K.  Chesnut;  Bozeman,  Sept.,  1900. 

*Physalis  ixocarpa,  Brot. ;  P.  uequata  Jacq.  f.  Persistent  in  old 
gardens  after  cultivation.  Bozeman,  Aug.  18,  1898. 

Physalis  heterophylla,  Nees. ;  P.  Virginiana,  Gray.  Apparently 
native.  Forsyth,  July  24,  1901. 

SCROPHULARIACEJE. 

*Linaria  vulgaris,  Mill.  Frequently  escaped  fiom  ornamental 
cultivation.  Crow  Agency,  July  15,  1901 ;  Missoula,  1903;  Columbia 
Fall,  Sept.  9,  1899. 

Mimulus  Langsdorfii  alpinus,  (Gray)  ;  Mimulus  luteus  alpinus, 
Gray.  Mt.  Hyalite,  10,000  ft.,  Aug.  I,  1902. 

Orfhocarpus  pachystachyus,  Rydberg,  Flora,  362  is  O.  tenuifolius, 
Benth.,  as  shown  by  the  yellow  corolla  not  exceeding  18  mm.  in 
length.  0.  pachystachyus,  Gray  seems  never  to  have  been  found 
except  in  the  original  locality,  where  it  was  collected  by  Greene. 
See  Pittonia,  4:101. 

Penstemon  Wilcoxii,  Rydberg,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.   Club,  28:  28. 
"Kalispell,  1900,  E.  V.  Wi'lcox,  370  &  368". 

*Verbascum  Blattaria,  L.  The  moth  mullein  is  common  as 
an  introduced  weed  in  many  places  along  the  railroad  between 
Missoula  and  Thompson  Falls.  Thompson  Falls,  Aug.  8,  1901. 

*Veronica  Byzantina,  B.  S.  P.  Occasionally  as  a  weed  in  gar- 
dens; imported  with  garden  seed,  but  rarely  persistent.  Bozeman, 
Sept.  29,  1900. 

OROBANCHACE^:. 

Aphyllon  uniflorum,  Gray.  Columbia  Falls,  July  10,  1895,  R.  S. 
Williams;  Belt  R.  &  Martinsdale,  June  6,  1884,  R.  S.  Williams,  3 
&  239;  Mt.  Hyalite,  8500  ft.,  Aug.  i,  1902. 

LENTIBULARIACEJE. 

Utricularia  minor,  L.  Ditches  near  the  Sweet  Grass  River, 
Melville,  June  21,  1901.  Not  in  bloom  but  can  hardly  be  any- 
thing else. 


SUPPLEMENT  TO  THE  FLORA  OF  MONTANA.  99 

PLANTAGINACEJE. 

*Plantago  lanceolata,  L.  Occasionally  introduced  with  grass 
and  garden  seed.  Bozeman,  Aug.  8,  1904. 

Ptantago  spinulosa,  Dene. ;  P.  Patagonica  spinulosa,  Gray.  Re- 
ported in  Montana  by  E.  L.  Morris,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  28:  ny. 

CAPRlFOLIACEyE. 
Sambucus  Canadensis,  Rydberg,  Flora,  370,  is     i".    glaiica,    Nutt. 

Sambucus  glauca,  Nutt.  Common  in  low  ground  west  of  the 
Divide.  Missoula.  June  25,  1897,  M.  J.  Elrod;  Flathead  Lake, 
July  27,  1900;  Plains,  Aug.  7,  1901  ;  St.  Ignatius,  Sept.  7,  1899;  Troy, 
July  25,  1900;  Leonia,  Sept  14,  1900. 

VALERIANAGE^E, 

*Valerianella  macrocera,  Gray.  In  hill  pastures  back  of  Plains, 
June  6,  1902.  Probably  introduced  by  sheep  from  the  west. 

COMPOSITE. 

Achillea  Millefolium,  L.       The  typical,  more  glabrous  eastern 
plant  is  not  infrequent  in  the  region  west  of  the  Divide. 
Swan  Lake,  June,  1902,  M.  J.  Elrod,  112. 

*Ambrosia  trifida,  L.  Frequent  as  a  weed  along  the  Great 
Northern  R.  R.  from  Havre  eastward;  probably  introduced. 

Arden,  July  15,  1900;  Poplar,  July  12,  1900;  Savoy,  July  18,  1900; 
Chinook,  Sept.  10,  1900;  Havre,  July  28,  1900;  Crow  Agency,  July 
15,  1901. 

Antennaria  arida  humilis,  E.  Nelson,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  23: 
710;  A.  foliacca  humilis,  Rydb.,  Flora  414. 

"Brdger  Mountains,  Rydberg  &  Bessey,  No.  5H9-" 

Antennaria  coryrubosa,  E.  Nelson ;  Rydberg,  Flora,  413,  is 
A.  nardina,  Greene,  according  to  Nelson,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  23: 
707. 

Antennaria  foliacca,  Rydberg,  Flora,  413,  is  A.  reflexa,  E.  Nel- 
son, according  to  the  latter,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  23:  703. 

Antennaria  foliacca,  Rydberg,  Flora,  413,  is  A.  oxyphylla,  Greene, 
in  part  at  least  (Pittonia,  4:284). 


100          MONTANA  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  SCIENCE  STUDIES. 

A.  foliacea  humilis,  Rydberg,  is     A.  arida  hinnilis,  E.  Nelson,  1.  c. 

Antennaria  Howellii,  Greene  Pittonia,  3:  174.  "Montana", 
IL  Nelson,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  23:  713;  Columbia  Falls,  June  8, 
1894,  R.  S.  Williams,  1019;  Thompson  Falls,  June  7,  1902. 

A.  nardina,  Greene,  Pittonia,  4:82;  A.  corymbosa,  E.  Nelson,  1.  c. 

Antennaria  oblancifolia,  E.  Nelson,  Bot.  Gaz.  30:121.  Br.idger 
Mts.,  June  26,  1899. 

Antennaria  oxyphylla,  Greene,  Pittonia,  4:  284;  A.  foliacea,  Ryd- 
berg, Flora,  413.  "Spanish  Basin,  Gallatin  Co.,  Rydberg  &  Bessey, 
No.  5148". 

Antennaria  pulvinata,  Greene,  Pittonia,  3:  287;  A.  media,  Ryd- 
berg, Flora,  410,  in  part  at  least.  Tiger  Butte,  1887,  R.  S.  Williams, 
729,  as  cited  by  E.  Nelson,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  23 :  702. 

Antennaria  pulvinata  albescens,  E.  Nelson,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus. 
23:702.  Bridger  Mts.,  June  18,  1897,  Rydberg  &  Bessey,  5162, 
as  quoted. 

Aplopappus  Andersonii,  (Rydb.)  ;  Stcnotus  Andersonii,  Rydberg, 
Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  27:615.  "Belt  Mts.,  1886,  F.  W.  Anderson". 

Aplopappus  integrifolius  pumilus,  ( Rydberg)  ;  Pyrrocoma  intcg- 
ri folia  pumila,  Rydberg,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  27:626;  P.  Hoivcllii, 
Rydberg,  Flora,  382.  "Butte,  1895,  Rydberg". 

Aplopappus  rigidus,  (Rydberg)  ;  Pyrrocoma  rigida,  Rydberg, 
Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  27,  624.  Separated  from  A.  carthamoides, 
Gray.  "Columbia  Falls,  1894,  R.  S.  Williams". 

*Arctium  Lappa,  L.  The  burdock  is  not  rare  as  a  weed  in  a 
few  localities.  Big  Timber,  July  u,  1901;  Libby  Creek,  July  26, 
1900. 

*Artemisia  annua,  L.  An  introduced  weed  in  waste  places  at 
Billings,  Aug.  .29,  1904. 

Aster  angustus,  Torr.  &  Gray;  Brachyactis  angnstns,  Britton. 
Frequent  in  alkali  soil. 

Great  Falls,  Sept.  16,  1886,  R.  S.  Williams;  Havre,  Sept.  15,  1900; 
Chinook,  Sept.  10,  1900;  Malta,  Sept.  9,  1900;  Columbia  Falls,  Sept. 
17,  1894,  R.  S.  WTilliams;  Custer  Station,  Aug.  24,  1890. 

Aster  crassulus,  Rydberg,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  28 :  504. 


SUPPLEMENT  TO  THE  FLORA  OF  MONTANA.  101 

Aster  hesperius,  Gray.     (G.  H.  Shull). 
Kalispell,  Sept.  8,  1899;  Leonia,  Sept.  14,  1900. 

Aster  Nelsonii,  Greene,  Pittonia,  4:219.  (G.  H.  Shull).  Boze- 
man,  Aug.  26,  1898;  Steele  /Teton  Co.,  Aug.  20,  1901. 

Aster  ptarmicoides,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Wibaux,  Aug.  15,  1903. 
Rare. 

Aster  Sibericus,  L.  Common  along  the  gravel  margins  of  the 
Flathead  River,  July  27,  1900,  and  of  the  Koutenai  above  Leonia, 
Sept.  14,  1900;  also  Tenderfoot  Cr.,  Teton  Co.,  July  31,  1891,  R.  S. 
Williams. 

Balsamorrhiza  floccosa,  Rydberg,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  27:629. 
Separated  from  B.  Hookeri,  Nutt.  "Spanish  Basin,  1897,  Rydberg  & 
Bessey,  5175." 

Bidens  frondosa,  L.       Eastern  plains,  rare. 

Sand  Coulee,  1886,  R.  S.  Wiliams;  Box  Elder  Cr.,   Valley  Co., 
July  14,  1900;  Crow  Agency,  July  15,  1901. 

*Centaurea  Cyanus,  L.  The  corn-flower  is  a  frequent  escape 
from  ornamental  cultivation.  Bozeman,  1902;  Missoula,  1903. 

Chrysopsis  villosa  discoidea,  Gray.  "Canyons  of  W.  Montana3 
Watson."  Syn.  Flora,  i  :i23. 

*Cichorium  Intybus,  L.  The  chickory  is  introduced  in  a  few 
localities  and  promises  to  be  permanent.  Holt,  July  23,  1900. 

*Cnicus  lanceolatus,  Willd.  The  Scotch  thistle  is  frequent 
along  railroads  and  in  many  localities  in  the  western  part  of 
the  state.  Kalispell,  July  21,  1900;  White  Pine,  Sept.  9,  1904,  and 
other  localities. 

Erigeron  Nelsonii,  Greene,  Pittonia,  3:294.     (G.  H.  Shull). 
Bozeman,  July  i,  1898. 

*Galinsoga  parviflora,  Cav.  Occasional  as  a  weed  about  green- 
houses. Bozeman,  Apr.  19,  1901. 

Helianthus  Maximiliani,  Schrad.  Frequent  in  low  ground 
along  the  Missouri  River  from  Malta  eastward. 

Missouri  River,  near  Calais,  July  14,  1900;  Malta,  Sept.  9,  1900; 
Upper  Little  Big  Horn  River,  July  13,  1890. 

Lactuca  Canadensis,  L.  Big  Fork,  Aug.  8,  1904,  Millie  M. 
Smith. 


102          MONTANA  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  SCIENCE  STUDIES. 

*Madia  filipes,  Gray.  An  abundant  weed  introduced  in  waste 
places  in  the  extreme  western  part  of  the  state. 

Troy,  July  25,  1900;  Thompson  Falls,  Aug.  8,  1901. 

*Madia  dissitiflora,  Torr  &  Gray;  M.  sativa  disitiflcra,  Gray. 
A  weed  introduced  from  westward  along-  the  railway.  Thompson 
Falls,  Aug.  8,  1901. 

Petasites  dentata,  n.  sp. 

P.  sagittata,  Gray,  in  Brew.  &  Wats.,  Bot.  Calif.,  i  -.407 ;  Syn.  Fl. 
i:  376;  not  Tussilago  sagittata,  Pursh,  Fl.  N.  Am.  531.  In  Pursh's. 
description  of  the  latter  the  radical  leaves  are  said  to  be  "oblongis 
acutis  sagitatis  integerrimis,  lobis  obtusis,"  which  cannot  apply  to 
the  common  Rocky  Mountain  species  with  broadly  ovate-hastate, 
repand-dentate  radical  leaves  meant  by  Gray.  T.  sagittata  of  Pursh 
is  from  Hudson's  Bay.  M.  L.  Fernald  of  the  Gray  Herbarium 
first  noted  this  species  as  distinct  from  that  described  by  Pursh, 
but  I  do  not  find  it  elsewhere  distinguished. 

Petasites  sagittata,  Rydberg,  Flora,  484  and  authors,  as  to  the 
Rocky  Mountain  species,  is  P.  dentata  above. 

Pyrrocoma  Howellii,  Rydberg,  Flora,  382  is  Aplopappus  integrifolius 
pumilus. 

Rudbeckia  ampla,  A.  Nelson,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  28:234. 
Appears  to  include  all  the  Rocky  Mountain  R.  laciniata,  L. 

Rudbeckia  laciniata,  Rydberg,  Flora,  416,  is  the  last. 

Senecio  alpicola,  Rydberg,  Flora,  447,  is    S.  saxosus,  Klatt.     (J. 
M.  Greenman). 

Senecio  altus,  Rydberg,  Flora,  443,  is  5'.  sphaeroccphalus,  Greene. 
(J.  M.  Greenman). 

Senecio  atriapiculatus,  Rydberg,  Flora,  442 ;  apparently  identical 
with  S.  Hookeri,  Torr.  &  Gray.  (J.  M.  Greeman). 

Senecio  Balsamitae,  Rydberg,  Flora,  446  is  S'.  flavovirens,  Rydberg. 

Senecio  debilis,  Nutt. ;  5.  nephrophyllus,  Rydberg,  446?  (J.  M. 
Greenman).  Fair  Grounds,  Helena,  July  23,  1898,  E.  N.  Brandegee; 
Big  Blackfoot  River,  July  13,  1883,  W.  M.  Canby. 


SUPPLEMENT  TO  THE  FLORA  OF  MONTANA.  103 

Senecio  exaltatus,  Nutt.     (J.  M.   Greenman). 
Thompson  Falls,  June  7,  1902. 

Senecio  flavovirens,  Rydberg,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  27:181,  is 
the  western  form  of  S.  Balsamitae,  Muhl.  and  includes  all  Montana 
species  referred  to  the  latter  (Flora,  446). 

Senecio  Hookeri,  Torr.    &   Gray.      Apparently    Rydberg's    S. 

atriapiculatus. 

Senecio  integerrimus,  Nutt.  (J.  M'.  Greenman).  Between 
Bozeman  and  Belgrade,  May  29,  1898,  collector  doubtful. 

Senecio  lugens,  Richardson.  (J.  M.  Greenman).  Lower 
Basin  of  the  Gallatin,  July  8, 


Senecio  nephrophyllus,     Rydberg,  Flora,  446;  apparently  5.  debilis, 
Nutt.     (J.  M.  Greenman). 

Senecio  ovinus,  Greene,  Pittonia,  4:110.     (J.  M.  Greenman). 
Sperry   Glacier,  8000  ft.,  Sept.   I,   1903;  Mt.   Hyalite,   10,000  ft., 
Aug.    i,    1902;   McDonald's   Peak,   Mission   Range,   July    19,    1893. 
W.  M.  Canby. 

Senecio  saxosus,  Klatt. ;  S.  petraeus,  Klatt.;6\  petrocallis,  Greene; 
6".  alpicola,  Rydberg,  Flora,  447.  (J,  M.  Greenman). 

Black  Butte,  Tobacco  Root    Range,    10,000    ft.,    Aug.    n,    1902. 
Northernmost  range  yet  reported. 

Senecio  sphaerocephalus,  Greene,  Pittonia,  3:106;  5".  altus, 
Rydb.  (J.  M.  Greenman).  Brackett-Flathead  Cr.  Divide,  7000  ft., 
June  26,  1902. 

Solidago  multiradiata  scopulorum,  Gray.  Mountain  near 
Stanton  Lake,  7000  ft.,  Aug.  i,  1894,  R.  S.  Williams;  mountain  near 
Nyack,  9000  ft.,  Aug.  25,  1902,  M.  J.  Elrod. 

*Sonchus  arvensis,  L.  Imported  from  the  East  with  shrubbery. 
Bozeman,  July  30,  1904.  Apparently  not  maturing  seed  here. 

*Sonchus  oleraceus,  L.       Much  more  rare  than  6".  asper,  Vill. 
Prickly  Pear  Canyon,  July  28,  1887,  R.  S.  Williams;  Bozeman, 
July  30,  1894. 

Stcnotus  Andersonii,  Rydberg,  Bull.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  27 :6i5-  See 
Aplopappus  Andersonii  before. 

"Belt  Mts.,  1886,  F.  W.  Anderson,  3561." 


104 


MONTANA  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  SCIENCE  STUDIES. 


*Troximon  heterophyllum,  Greene.  Dry  hill  pastures  back  of 
Plains,  June  6,  1902.  Apparently  introduced  by  stock  from  the 
Pacific  Coast. 

*Xanthium  spinosum,  L.  Well  established  as  a  weed  at  a 
sheep  camp  east  of  Victor,  Bitter  Root  Valley,  R.  Parkhurst,  Sept. 
?5,  1900.  Probably  brought  in  by  sheep  from  the  Pacific  Coast. 


SUPPLEMENT  TO  THE  FLORA  OF  MONTANA.  105 

? 


CREPIS  NANA,  RICHARDSON. 


A.  Plant  natural  size. 

B.  Single  head  X  2. 


C.  Flower  X  3. 

D.  Mature  fruit  X  7. 


106          MONTANA  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  SCIENCE  STUDIES. 

•       PLATE  VI. 


Drawing   by   Miss    E.    A.   DuHamel. 

SAGITTARIA  PANICULATA,  BLANKINSHIP. 

A.    Plant  about  half  size.  C.    Stamen  X  5- 

Flower  natural  size.  D.     Akene  X  7. 


SUPPLEMENT  TO  THE  FLORA  OF  MONTANA.  107 


INDEX. 


page.  page. 

Abies 38   Bupleurum 89,  90,  91 

Abronia 50    Callitrichaceae 86 

Acer 86,  87   Callitriche 86 

Aceraceae 86    Caprifoliaceae   99 

Achillea 99   Cardamine 58 

Actsea _. 62   Carex 43 

Alismacese 40    Carum    91,   92 

Allionia 50   Caryophyllacese 51 

Alyssum 57   Cenchrus 42 

Amarantaceae 50   Centaurea   101 

Amaranthus 50   Cerastium 52 

Ambrosia 99    Orasus   70 

Amelanchier 69   Cercocarpus   69 

Ammannia 87,  88   Chenopodiaceae   50 

Ampelopsis    87   Chrysopsis 101 

Anacardiaceae    86    Cichorium 101 

Andropogon   41   Claytonia 50,  51 

Anemone 53    Clematis    53 

Angelica    89   Cnicus   101 

Antennaria    99,   100   Compositae 99 

Aphyllon 98    Coniferae   38 

Aplopappus 100,  102,  103    Conioselium ' 91 

Aquilegia 53    Conryngia 58 

Arabis  .  ' 57,  58   Convolvulaceae 96 

Aragallus 80    Corallorhiza   45 

Arctium 100   Cornaceae 94 

Arenaria 51    Cornus   94 

Argemone 61   Crassulaceae   61 

Aristida 41    Cratsegus    69 

Artemisia 100   Crepis 105 

Aster , 100.   101   Cruciferae 57 

Astragalus 71,  75   Cupuliferae 48 

Balsamorrhiza 101   Cuscuta   96 

Barbarea 58    Cymopterus    91,   93 

Berberidaceae 56   Cynoglossum 96 

Berberis 56,  57   Cyperaceae 43 

Betula 48    Cyperus   43 

Bidens 101    Delphinium    53,   54 

Borraginaceae 96   Draba    «"!) 

Bouteloua 41    Eleocharis 43 

Brachyactis 100   Elymus 41! 

Brassica 58    Endolepis    50 

Bromus 41    Epilobium 88 

Bryanthus 94   Ericaceae 94 

Bulbilis . .  41    Erigeron   101 


108          MONTANA  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  SCIENCE  STUDIES. 


page.  page. 

Eriogonum   49    Liliaceae, 44 

Eriophorum 43    Linaceae, 85 

Erodium. 84.    Linaria, 98 

Eruca 59     Linum, 85 

Erythrsea, 95    Lithosperum,    97 

Euphorbia, 85,  86   Loasaceae 87 

Euphorbiaceae, 85   Lomatium,   93 

Evolvulus,    96    Lupinus, 76-79 

Flcerkia,    84    Lychnis 52 

Frasera, 95    Lycopus 97 

Fraxinus,    96    Lythraceae,   87 

Galinsoga, 101    Madia, 102 

Gaulthera,    94   Malva,   82 

Gentianaceae, 95    Malvaceae, 82 

Geraniaceae 84    Medicago 79 

Geranium 84    Mentzelia, 87 

Geum, 69    Menziesia, 94 

Glycosma 91    Mertensia 97 

Glycyrrhiza,   96    Mimulus, 98 

Graminese,   41    Mitella, 62 

Habenaria,   45    Montia, r 51 

Hedysarum 74    Myosotis, 97 

Helianthus, 101    Myosurus, 55 

Heliotropium 96    Naiadaceae, 39 

Hesperis,    59    Nasturtium,    60 

Heuchera, 62   Nepeta 97 

Hordeum,    42    Nyctaginaceae, 50 

Hydrophyllaceae, 96    OEnothera 88,  89 

Hyoscyamus 98    Oleaceae, 96 

Hyssopus, 97    Onagra, 88,  89 

Impatiens,   67,  84,  85    Onagraceae,    88 

Ipomcea, 96    Orchidaceae,    45 

Ivesia, 69    Oreocarya, 96 

Juniperus 38,  39   Orobanchaceae, 98 

Krinitzkia, 96,  97    Orthocarpus,   98 

Labiatae, 97    Osmorrhiza, 91,  93 

Lactuca 101    Oxytropis, 80 

Lamium, 97    Panicum, 42 

Lappula,   97    Papaver, 61 

Larix, 39    Papaveraceae 61 

Leguminosae, 71   Parnassia, 62 

Lentibulariaceae 98    Pentstemon,    98 

Lepidium, 59    Petalostemon, 80 

Leptarrhena,   62    Petasites, 102 

Lesquerella, 60    Peucedanum,   93 

Lewisia,    51    Phyllodoce,    94 

Ligusticum, 91    Physalis,    .    98 


SUPPLEMENT  TO  THE  FLORA  OF  MONTANA. 


109 


page. 

Physaria,    60 

Picea,    39 

Pinus 39 

Plantaginaceae, 99 

Plantago,    99 

Poa,    42 

Polygonaceae, 49 

Polygonum,    49,   50 

Populus 45,  46 

Portulacaeae,   50 

Portulaca, 51 

Potamogeton, 29 

Potentilla, 69,  70. 

Poterium, 70 

Primula, 95 

Primulacese,    95 

Prunus -. 70 

Pterixia,    91,  93 

Pyrola 94,  95 

Pyrrocoma, 100,  102 

Quercus,    48 

Ranunculaceae 53 

Ranunculus, 55,  56 

Rhus, 86 

Ribes, 62-64 

Romanzoffia,    96 

Rosa ? 70,  71 

Rosacese, 69 

Rudbeckia, 102 

Rumex, 50 

Ruppia,    40 

Sagina, 52 

Sagittaria,    40 

Salicaceae, 45 

Salix,   46,  47,  48,  96 

Salvia 97 

Sambucus,    99 

Saxifraga,    64-69 

Saxifragacese, 62 

Schcenocrambe, 60 

Scirpus,    43,  44 

Scrophulariaceae, 98 

Sedum, 61 

Senecio,    102,  103 

Setaria, 42 

Sheperdia, 62 

Sidalcea,   82 

Silene 52 


page. 

Sisymbrium, 60 

Sitanion 43 

Smelowskia,    tjl> 

Smilax 4  i 

Solanaceae, 98 

Solidago, 103 

Sonchus 103 

Sophia, 60 

Spergula,    52 

Spergularia,   52 

Sphaerostigma 83 

Spiraea, 71 

Stellaria, 52,  D3 

Stenotus, 101,  103 

Symphytum,    97 

Thalictrum, 56 

Thelypodium,    p>0 

Tofieldia,    44 

Trifolium,    81,  82 

Trisetum,    . 42 

Tropaeolum,    85 

Troximon, 104 

Tsuga, 39 

Tussilago 102 

Ulmus 49 

Umbelliferae    89 

Urtica,   49 

Urticaceae, 49 

Utricularia, 9S 

Vaccinium, 95 

Valerianacese,   99 

Valerianella '. .   99 

Veratrum, 44 

Verbascum,    98 

Verbena, •  •  97 

Verbenaceae,    07 

Veronica, 9S 

Vicia S2 

Viola, 82,  83 

Violaeese,    82 

Vitaceas, 87 

Vitis,    87 

Washingtonia,    91,  93 

Xanthium, 104 

Xerophyllum,   44 

Zizia,    94 

Zygadenus, 44,  45 


VOL.  i.  flAY,  1905.  NO.  3. 


SCIENCE    STUDIES. 


BOTANY. 


COMMON    NAMES   OF    MONTANA  PLANTS. 
BV  J.    W.    BLANKINSHIP,  AND  HESTER  F.  HENSHALL. 


Frontispiece:    The  Bitter=root. 


BOZEMAN,     MONTANA. 
PUBLISHED   QUARTERLY   BY  THE   COLLEGE. 


t    -  NOTICE. 

I  WOULD  REGARD  IT  AS  A  FAVOR,  IF  THE  READER  WOULD  CALL. 
MY  ATTENTION  TO  ALL  ERRORS  AND  OMISSIONS  IN  THE  FOLLOWING 
LISTS,  AS  IT  IS  DESIRED  TO  SECURE  AS  MANY  AS  POSSIBLE  OF  THE 
COMMON  NAMES  OF  OUR  NATIVE  MONTANA  PLANTS,  AS  WELL  AS 
INFORMATION  IN  REGARD  TO  THEIR  USES  AND  ADAPTABILITY  TO 
PURPOSES  OF  ORNAMENTAL  CULTIVATION,  FOR  USE  IN  FUTURE 
PUBLICATIONS. 

J.  W.   BLANKINSHIP. 


AVANT    COURIER    PRINT. 


MONTANA    AGRICULTURAL    COLLEGE    SCIENCE    STUDIES. 

Vol.  1,  No.  3.  BOTANY.  Issued  May  6,  1905. 

Application  has  been  made  for  entrance  as  2d  class  matter  at  Bozeman,  Mont,  postoffice. 

COMMON    NAMES    OF   MONTANA   PLANTS. 

BY  J.  W.  BLANKINSHIP  AND  HESTER  F.  HENSHALL. 


-.*- 


PREFACE. 


-j* 


The  present  list  of  the  popular  plant  names  of  some  of  the  more 
common  or  striking  plants  of  Montana  has  been,  gradually  brought 
together  by  noting  down  the  names  heard  in  common  use  through- 
out the  state  and  is  intended  to  supply  a  want  not  met  by  any  of 
the  text  books  dealing  with  our  flora  and  to  give  aid  and  encourage- 
ment to  the  amateur  and  student  of  our  native  flowers  and  trees, 
for  whom  the  scientific  names  may  be  hard  to  remember.  No  at- 
tempt has  been  made  by  the  authors  to  invent  names  for  the  de- 
serving, but  unnamed  beauties,  which  bloom  about  us,  nor  have  we 
gone  to  books  to  find  the  names  elsewhere  in  use  for  any  particular 
species ;  we  only  try  to  portray  faithfully  the  names  originated  or 
applied  in  local  usage,  though  many  of  these  have  been  simply 
transferred  from  similar  or  related  plants  in  other  regions  and  have 
thus  become  established  among  us. 

The  question  is  often  asked,  "Why  are  these  hard  scientific  names 
necessary?"  By  reference  to  the  list  of  common  names  in  the  in- 
dex following  it  will  be  seen  that  the  same  common  name  is  often 
applied  to  two  or  more  very  different  species  in  different  parts  of 
the  state  and  to  still  other  species  in  other  countries  or  states,  so  that 
jiny  discussion  of  our  flowers  by  their  common  names  would  scarce- 
ly be  understood  outside  of  the  limited  locality  where  the  paper  was 
written,  while  it  is  intended  to  have  only  one  scientific  name,  ex- 
pressed in  Latin,  for  each  species  in  every  language  and  in  all  coun- 
tries and  thus  secure  accuracy  of  expression  otherwise  unattainable. 
Hence  it  is  that,  while  common  names  may  be  very  helpful  in  the 
local'  study  of  a  flora,  they  cannot  supply  the  place  of  their  Latin 
equivalents  in  papers  intended  for  general  circulation. 

We  would  now  remind  you  of  the  fact  that  only  a  small  propor- 
tion of  our  flowers  have  yet  received  common  names  and  that  you 
have  just  as  much  right  to  christen  them  as  any  one  else,  while  the 


chances  are  that  the  name  you  apply,  if  found  eminently  appropri- 
ate and  frequently  mentioned,  is  apt  to  become  permanently  estab- 
lished and  even  to  displace  another  less  characteristic. 

The  common  names  of  plants  aptly  portray  the  genius  of  a  peo- 
ple. They  express  disgust  at  unwarranted  intrusions  and  disagree- 
able dispositions  and  flout  before  us  the  appearance  of  the  ugly  and 
misshapen.  They  advertise  their  evils  habits  and  warn  us  against 
their  unknown  dangers.  Some  plants  harp  upon  the  fact  that  they 
furnish  food  for  this  or  that  animal,  or  have  an  unfortunate  habit 
of  lying  in  wait  and  poisoning  some  unsuspecting  herbivore,  never 
thinking  that  from  the  point  of  view  of  the  plant  it  is  acting  strict- 
ly in  self-defence.  We  also  find  their  good  qualities  often  mention- 
ed, as  well  as  their  various  and  peculiar  habits  of  growth  or  seed- 
dissemination,  while  their  friendship  for  their  late  friends  and  ad- 
mirers, the  noble  Red  Alan,  and  often  even  their  Indian  names,  yet 
cling  to  them  in  our  popular  nomenclature,  as  a  badge  of  honor  and 
a  well-earned  recognition  of  their  former  services.  But  it  is  from 
their  relationships  and  resemblances,  real  or  imagined,  that  the 
greater  number  of  popular  names  are  derived  and  it  is  a  common 
habit  of  an  immigrant  people  to  christen  the  strange  plants  of  their 
new  homes  with  the  names  of  the  loved  flowers  of  their  former  land 
and  to  keep  up  the  old  names  of  the  weeds  that  follow  in  their 
footsteps.  Yet,  the  genius  of  a  people  finds  its  most  natural  ex- 
pression in  the  new  names  given  to  these  new  species  which  bloom 
around  them  and  it  is  here  that  we  see  the  comic,  the  poetic,  the  in- 
dignant hatred,  the  love  and  the  wild,  free  happiness  of  childhood 
and  the  country  home  so  often  displayed,  and  we  can  trace  in  these 
names  the  love  of  beauty  and  grace,  the  boundless  admiration  and 
the  deepest  appreciation  of  the  human  heart  for  the  purity,  simpli- 
city and  elegance  of  these  gentle  flowers  of  Nature,  so  lavishly  dis- 
played before  us,  to  charm  our  minds  and  hearts  away  from  the 
ceaseless  toil  and  the  evil  passions  of  this  social  edifice  we  have 
built  about  us — to  give  us  rest  and  inspire  us  with  higher,  purer 
and  nobler  aims  than  those  we  now  attempt. 

For  convenience  of  reference  two  alphabetical  lists  are  given,  one 
of  the  common  names  with  their  scientific  equivalents,  the  other  of 
the  scientific  names  followed  by  their  corresponding  common  names. 

Valuable  assistance  in  compiling  the  present  work  has  been  render- 
ed by  Airs.  E.  W.  Scheuber  of  Livingston,  Mrs.  M.  L.  Alderson  of 
Bald  Butte,  Mrs.  R.  R.  Finlay,  Amy  M.  Cooke  and  Wyatt  W.  Jones 
of  Bozeman,  and  the  many  students  of  botany  at  the  Montana  Agri- 
cultural College,  who  have  each  year  contributed  to  extend  the  list 
of  names  here  given. 


COMMON  NAMES  OF  MONTANA  PLANTS.  117 

COMMON   NAMES. 

Aconite;  Aconitum  Columbianum,  Nutt. 

Adder's-tongue ;  Erythronium  grandiflorum,  Pursh. 

Alder;  Alnus  tenuifolia,  Nutt. 

Alfalfa  Dodder;  Cuscuta  Epithymum,  Murr. 

Alfilaria;  Erodium  dcui'<rium,  L'Her. 

Alkali-grass;   Distichlis  spicata,   Greene. 

Alpine  Fir;  Abies  lasiocarpa,  Nutt. 

Alpine  Pine;  Finns  albicaulis,  Nutt. 

Arrow-leaf;  Balsamorrhiza  sagittata,  Nutt.;  Sagittaria  arifolia,  Nutt. 

Artichoke;  Carum  Gairdneri,  Gray;  Helianthus  Maximiliani,  Schrad. 

Ash-leaved  Maple;  Negundo  aceroides, 'Moench. ' 

Aspen  Poplar;  Populus  tremuloides,  Michx. 

Atabasco  Lily;  Calochortus  species. 

Baby  Blue-eyes;  Pentstemon  acuminatus,  Dougl. 

Badgers;  Anemone  patens  Nuttalliana,  Gray. 

Balm;  Balm  of  Gilead;  Populus  balsamifera,  L. 

Balsam;  Balsam  Fir;  Abies  lasiocarpa,  Nutt. 

Baneberry;  Actgea  spicata,  L.  and  A.  rubra,  Willd. 

Barberry;  Berberis  repens,  Eincll. 

Kazzle-weed ;  Iva  axillaris,  Pursh. 

BearJDerry;  Lonicera  involucrata,  Banks. 

Bear-grass;  Xerophyllum  tenax,  Nutt.;  X.  Douglasii,  Wats. 

Bee  Flower;  Cleome  integrifolia,  T.  &  G. 

Beggar-ticks;  Echinosperum  floribundum  and  other  species. 

Bell-flower;  Campanula  rotuhdifolia,  L. 

Big-root;  Balsamorrhi/.a  sagittata,  Nutt.  Ipomcea  leptophylla,  Torr. 

Bindweed ;  Polygonum  Convolvulus,  L. 

Bird-bills;   Geranium  Carolinianum,  L.  and  G.  Bicknellii,  Britton.; 

Dodecatheon  conjugens,  Greene  and  other  species. 
Birdseed;  Lepidium  apetalum,  Willd. 
Biscuit-root;  Lomatium  cous,  C.  &  R.  and  other  species. 
Bitter-root;  Lewisia  rediviva,  Pursh. 
Black  Currant;  Ribes  Americanum,  Mill. 

Blackeyed  Susan;  Gaillardia  aristata,  Pursh.;  Rudbeckia  laciniata,  L. 
Blark  Haw;  Crataegus  Douglasii,  Lincll. 
Black  Moss;  Alectoria  Fremontii,  Tuckerm. 
Black  Mustard;  Brassica  nigra,  Koch: 
Black  Pine;  Finns  scopulorum,  Lemmon. 
Bladder-pod;  Physaria  didymocarpa,  Gray. 


118          MONTANA  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  SCIENCE  STUDIES. 

Blanket-flower;  Gaillardia  aristata,  Pursh. 

Blazing-star;  Liatris  pnnctata,  Hook. 

Flue  Anemone;  Anemone  patens  Xuttalliana,  Gray. 

Blue  Bean;  Lupinus  species. 

Blue  Camas;  Camassia  esculenta,  Lincll. 

Blue-bells;  Mertensia  oblongifolia,  Don.;  Campanula  rotunclifolia,  L. 

Blue  Clematis;  Clematis  Columbiana,  T.  &  G. 

Blue  Columbine;  Aquilegia  cserulea,  James. 

Blue-eyed  Grass;  Sisyrinchinm  species. 

Blue  Flag;  Iris  Missouriensis,  Nutt. 

Blue  Flax;  Linum  Lewisii,  Pursh. 

Blue-joint;  Blue-stem;  Agropyron  occidentale,  Scribn. 

Blue  Larkspur;  Delphinum  Menziesii,  DC.  &  D.  bicolor,  Nutt. 

Blue  Lupine;  Lupinus  leucopyllus,  Dongl.  and  other  species. 

Blue  Pea;  Blue-weed;  Lupinus  species. 

Blue  Sage;  Artemisia  cana,  Pursh. 

Blue  Tulip ;  Anemone  patens  Nuttalliana,  Gray. 

Blue  Violet,  Viola  adunca,  Smith. 

Box-Elder;  Xegundo  aceroides,  Moench. 

Brake  Fern;  Pteris  aquilina,  L. 

Bread-root;  Psoralea  esculenta,  Pursh. 

Brown-cup  Mariposa  Lily;  Calochortus  Gunnisoni,  Wats. 

Brown  Lily;  Fritillaria  atropurpurea,  Nutt. 

Buckbush;  Symphoricarpus  species. 

Buchthorn;  Neillia  malvacea,  Greene. 

Buffalo-berry ;  Shepherdia  argentea,  Nutt. 

Buffalo-grass;  Bouteloua  oligostachya,  Torr. ;   Bulbilis  dactyloides, 

Raf. 
Buffalo  Pea;  Astragalus  caryocarpus,  Ker.       Oxytropis  Lambertii, 

Pursh. 

Buffalo  Rye;  Elymus  condensatus,  Presl. 
Bull-berry;  Shepherdia  argentea,  Nutt. 
Bull-grass;  Eleocharis  palustris,  L. 
Bull  Pine;  Pinus  scopulorum,  Lemmon. 
Bull  Thistle;  Cnicus  lanceolatus,  Willd. 
Bulrush;    Equisetum    arvense,    L. ;    Scirpus    lacustris    occidentalis, 

Wats, ;  Typha  latifolia,  L. 

Bunch-grass;  Agropyron  divergens,  Nees.     Festuca  ovina,  L. 
Burdock;  Arctium  Lappa,  L. 
Bur  Ragweed;  Franseria  Hookeriana,  Nutt. 
Bur-reed;  Sparganinm  species. 


COMMON  NAMES  OP  MONTANA  PLANTS.  119 

Bush  Honeysuckle;  Lonicera  Utahensis,  Wats. 

Buttercup;  Ranunculus  glaberrimus,  Hook,  and  other  species. 

Butterfly  Lily;  Calochortus  species. 

Butterfly  Weed;  Gaura  coccinea,  Nutt. ;  Asclepias  speciosa,  Torr. 

Cactus;  Opuntia  species. 

Calipso;  Calipso  borealis,  Salisb. 

Cama?;  Camassia  esculenta,  Lindl. 

Canada  Thistle;  Cnicus  arvensis,  Hoffm. 

Cancer-root;  Aphyllon  faciculatum,  Gray. 

Cane-grass;  Phragmites  communis,  Trin. 

Canoe  Birch ;  Betula  papyrifera,  Marsh. 

Careless  Weed ;  Iva  xanthiifolia,  Nutt. ;  Amaranthus  retroflexus,  L. 

Carpet-weed;  Euphorbia  glytosperma,  Engelm. 

Catnip ;  Nepeta  cataria,  L. 

Cat's-eye;  Anemone  patems  Nuttalliana,  Gray. 

Cat-tail;  Cat-tail  Flag;  Typha  latifolia,  L. 

Cedar;  Thuja  plicata,  Don.;  Juniperus  scopulorum,  Sarg. 

Cheat;  Chess;  Bromus  racemosus,  L.  Si  B.  secalinus,  L. 

Chickv/eed;  Cerastium  vulgatum,  L. ;  Stellaria  media,  Smith. 

Chmese  Lettuce;  Lactuca  Scarioli    T_. 

Choke  Cherry ;  Primus  demissa,  Walp. 

Clarkia;  Clarkia  pulchella,  Pursh. 

Cockle;  Saponaria  Vaccaria,  L. 

Coltsfoot;  Petasites  sagittata,  Gray. 

Columbine ;  Aquilegia. 

Ccmfrey;  Symphytum  officinale,  L. 

Compass  Plant;  Lactuca  Scariola,  L. 

Cone-flower;  Lepachys  Columnaris,  T.  &  G. ;  Rudbeckia  laciniata,L. 

Coral-vine;  Cuscuta  arvensis,  Beyrich. 

Cotton-weed;   Lactuca  pulchella,     DC.;     Epilobium     paniculatum, 

Nutt. 
Cous;  Cous-root;  Lomatium  cous,  C.&  R. ;  L.  montanum,  C.  &  R. 

and  other  species. 

Cowbane;  Cicuta  occidentalis,  Greene. 
Cow  Cabbage;  Heracleum  lanatum,  Michx. 
Cow  Cockle;  Saponaria  Vaccaria,  L. 
Cow  Parsnip ;  Heracleum  lanatum,  Michx. 
Cowslip;  Anemone  patens  Nuttalliana,  Gray. 
Crane's-bill;  Geranium  Carolinianum,  L.  and  other  species. 
Crocus;  Anemon-e  patens  Nuttalliana,  Gray. 
Cucklebur;  Glycyrrhiza  lepidota,  Pursh;  Xanthium  Canadense,  Mill. 


120          MONTANA  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  SCIENCE  STUDIES. 

Currant;  Ribes  species. 

Cushion  Cactus;  Mamillaria  vivipara,  Haw. 

Daisy;  Townsendia  Parryi,  Eaton. 

Dandelion;  Taraxacum  officinale,  Weber. 

Deadly  Nightshade;  Solarium  nigrum,  L. 

Death  Cama's ;  Zygadenus  venenosus,  Wats. 

Devil's  Darning-needles;  Stipa  comata,  F.  &  R. ;  S.  spartea,  Trin. 

Devil's  Walking-stick;  Fatsia  horrida,  Benth.  &  Hook. 

Diamond  Willow ;  Salix  Mackenziana,  Barratt. 

Dock;  Rumex  crispus,  L. ;  R.  salicifolius,  Weimm. 

Dodder;  Cuscuta. 

Dog  Fennel;  Anthemis  Cotula,  DC. 

Dog-tooth  Violet;  Erythronium  grancliflorum,  Pursh. 

Douglas  Fir ;  Pseiulotsuga  mucronata,  Sudw. 

Douglasia;  Douglasia  montana,  Gray  and  other  species. 

Dragonhead;  Dracocephalum  parviflorum,  Nutt. 

Elder;  Elderberry;  Sambucus  glauca,  Nutt. 

Elecampane;  Balsamorrhiza  sagittata,  Nutt. 

Elephant's  Head;  Pedicularis  Groenlandica,  Retz.    . 

Elm;  Ulmus  Americanus,  L. 

Engelmann's  Spruce;  Picea  Engelmanni,  Engelm. 

Evening   Primrose ;    CEnothera   caespitosa,    Nutt. ;    OE.    pinnatifida, 

Nutt. 

Fairy  Pinks;  Orthocarpus  tenuifolius,  Benth. 
False  Flax;  Camelina  sativa,  Crantz. 
False  Solomon's  Seal;  Smilacina  species. 
Field  Draba;  Draba  nemorosa,  L. 
Field  Mustard;  Brassica  Sinapistrum,  Boiss. 
Fir;  Abies;  Pseudotsuga. 

Fireweed;  Epilobium  angustifolium,  L. ;  Erigeron  Canade-ise,  L. 
Fishweed;  Potamogeton  species. 
Five-finger;  Potentilla, 

Flowering  Sage;  Bigelovia  graveolens,  Gray. 
Flowering  Spurge;  Euphorbia  marginata,  Pursh. 
Forgetmenot;  My'osotis  alpestris,  Schmidt. 
Foxtail;  Hordeum  jubatum,  L. 
Frog-sprouts;  Equisetum  laevigatum,    A.  Br. 
Frost  Grape;  Vitis  vulpina,  L. 
Garlic;  Allium  species. 
Golden  Aster;  Aplopappus  acaulis  glabratus,  Eaton;  Chrysopsis  vil- 

losa,  Nutt. 


COMMON  NAMES  OF  MONTANA  PLANTS.  121 

Golden  Daisy;  Chrysopsis  villosa.  Xutt.- 

Golden  Rod;  Solidago  species. 

Goosegrass;  Polygomun  aviculare,  L. 

Grama  Grass;  Bouteloua  oligostachya,  Torr. 

Graisse  de  Boeuf;  Shepherdia  argentca,  Nutt. 

Grass  Cactus;  Yucca  angustifolia,  Pursh. 

Greasewood;  Bigelovia  graveolens,  (iray;  Saicobatus  vermiculatus, 

Torr. 

Green  Ash;  Fraxinus  viridis,  Alichx. 
Green  Dogfennel;  Matricaria  discoidea,  DC. 
Ground  Cherry;  Astragalus  caryocarpus.  KIT.;  Solan  um '  triflorum, 

Nutt. 

Ground  Hemlock;  Taxus  brcvifolia.   Xutt. 
Ground-nut;  Claytonia  multicaulis,  Xelson. 
Ground  Plums;  Astragalus  caryocarpus,  Ker. 
Ground  Vervain;  Verbena  bracteosa,  Michx. 
Grouse-berry;  Vaccinum  scoparium,  Leiberg. 
Gumweed ;  Grindelia  squarrosa,.  Dunal. 
Harebell;  Campanula  rotundifolia,  L. 
Headache-weed;  Clematis  Douglasii,  Hook. 
Hedge  Mustard;  Sisymbriura  officinale,  Scop. 
Hemlock;  Tsuga  heterophylla,  Sarg. 
Henbane;  Hyoscyamus  niger,  L. 
Honey  Clover;  Melilotns  alba,  Lam. 
Hop-vine;  Humulus  Lupulus,  L. 
Horehound;  Marrubium  vulgare,  L. 
Horsemint;  Monarda  scabra,  Beck. 
Horsetail;  Equisetum  arvense,  L. 
Horseweed;  Ambrosia  trifida,  L. ;  Iva  xanthiifolia,  Nutt.;  Erigeron 

Canadensis,  L. 

Houndstongue ;  Cynoglossum  officinale,  L. 
Huckleberry;  Vaccinium  mebranaceum,  Dougl. 

Indian  Hemp;  Apocynum  androsaemifolium,  L. ;  A.  cannabinum,  L. 
Indian  Millet;  Eriocoma  cuspidata,  Nutt. 
Indian  Pea;  Astragalus  caryocarpus,  Ker. 
Indian  Pink;  Castilleia ;  Cleome  integrifolia,  T.  &  G. 
Indian  Turnip;  Psoralea  esculenta,  Pursh. 

Ironweed;,  Artemisia  biennis.  Willd. ;  Epilobium  angustifolium,   L. 
Jacob's  Ladder;   Polenicnium  czeruleum,   Gray. 
Jerusalem  Oak;  Chenorjodium  P.otrys,  L. 
Joint-weed;  Equisetum  hevigatum.  A.  llr. 


122          MONTANA  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  SCIENCE  STUDIES. 

Jonny-jump-ups ;  Dodecatheon  conjugens,  Greene  and  Viola  adun- 

ca,  Smith. 
Juneberry;  Amelanchier    alnifolia,  Xutt. ;  Symphoricarpus  occidcn- 

talis.  Hook. 

Juniper;  Juniperus  Sabina  procumbens,  Pursh. 
Kalispell;  Heuchera  glabella,  T.  &  G. 
Kinnikinink;  Arctostaphylos  Uva-ursi,  Spreng.;  Cornus  stolomiera, 

Michx. 

Knotgrass;  Polygonum  avicnlare,  L. ;  P.  littorale,  Link. 
Kitten-tails;  Synthyris  rubra,  Benth. 
Lady-slipper;  Cypripedium. 
Lamb's-quarter ;  Chenopodium  album,  L. 
Larb;  Arctostaphylos  Uva-ursi,  Spreng. 
Larkspur;    Delphinium. 

Leopard  Lily;  Fritillaria  atropurpurea,  Xutt. 
Lion's-beard ;  Anemone  patens  Xuttalliana,  Gray;  Clematis  Doug;- 

lasii.  Hook. 

Little  Buffalo-grass ;  Bulbilis  dactyloides,  Raf. 
Little  Sugar  Pine;  Pinus  monticola,  Dougl. 
Lobelia ;  Zygadenus  species. 

Loco-weed;   Loco;  ( )xytropis   Lambertii,   Pursh  and   other   cpt  ci?s. 
Lodgepole  Pine;  Pinus  Murrayana,  Murr. 
Love-vine;  Cuscuta  arvensis,  Beyrich. 
Maple;  Acer. 

Maple-leaved  Goosefoot;  Chenopodium  hybridum,  L. 
Marigold;  Actinella  acaulis,  Xutt. 
Mariposa  Lily;  Calochortus  species. 
Mayflower;  Anemone  patens  X:uttalliana,  Gray. 
Mayweed;  Anthemis  Cotula,  DC. 
Meadow-sweet;  Galium  boreale,  L. 
Milfoil;  Achillea  lanulosa,  Xutt. 

Milkweed ;  Asclepias  speciosa,  Torr. ;  Lactuca  pulchella,  DC. 
Missoula  Pine;  Pinus  ponderosa,  Dougl. 
Monkshood;  Aconitum  Columbianum.  X'utt. 
Montana  Edelweiss;  Gentiana  frigida,  Haenke. 
Moose-grass;  Xerophyllum  tenax,  XTntt. 
Moss  Phlox;   Phlox  Hoodii,  Rich. 
Moss  Pink;  Phlox  Hoodii,  Rich. 
Moss  Rose;  Lcwisia  rediviva,  Pursh. 
Moth  Mullein;  Verbascum  Blattaria,  L.    • 
Mountain  Alder;  Alnus  sinuata,  Rvdb. 


COMMON  NAMES  OF  MONTANA  PLANTS.  123 

Mountain  Ash;  Pyrus  sambucifolia.  C.  &  S. 

Mountain  Birch;  I>etula  microphylla,  Bunge. 

Mountain  Clover;  Trifolium  species. 

Mountain  Laurel;  Ceanothus  velutinus,  Dougl. 

Mountain  Lily;  Calochortns  Nuttallii,  T.  &  G. ;  Lilium  montanum, 

Nelson. 

Mountain  Mahogany;  Cercocarpus  ledifolius,  Nutt. 
Mountain  Maple;  Acer  glabrum,  Torr. 
Mountain  Pink;  Douglasia  species. 
Mountain  Primrose;  Oenothera  csespitosa,  Nutt. 
Mountain  Thistle;  Cnicus  eriocephalus,  Gray. 
Mountain  Timothy;  Phleum  alpinum,  L. 
Mullein;  Verbascum  Thapsus,  L. 

Narrow-leaved  Cottonwood;  Populus  angustifolia,  James. 
Nettle;  Urtica  gracilis,  Ait. 
Nigger-head;  Rudbeckia  occidentalis,  Nutt. 
Nut  Pine ;  Finns  albicaulis,  Engehn. ;  P.  flexilis,  James. 
Oak-leaved  Goosefcot;  Chenopodium  glaucum,  L. 
Old-man;  Artemisia  frigida,  Willd. 
Old-man  Graybeard;  Cnicus  eriocephalus,  Gray. 
Old-man's  Whiskers;    Geum   triflorum,   Pursh    (in   fruit);   Clematis 

Douglasii,  Hook,  in  fruit. 
Oregon  Grape;  Berberis  repens,  Lin  ell. 
Ox-eye  Daisy;  Chrysanthemum  Leucanthemum,  L. 
Paint-brush  f  Castilleia. 
Paint-cup;  Castilleia  species. 
Paper  Birch;  Betula  papyrifera,  Marsh. 
Partridgeberry ;  Symphoricarpus  species. 
Pennycress  ;  Thlaspi  arvense,  L. 
Pepper-grass;  Lepidium  apetalum,  Willd. 
Pig's-feet;  Astragalus  caryocarpus,  Ker.  in  bloom. 
Pigweed;  Amaranthus  retroflexus,  L. ;  Chenopodium  album,   L. 
Pigweed  Pursely;  Amaranthus  blitoides,  Wats. 
Pin  Clover;  Erodium  cicutarium,  L'Her. 

Pine-grass;  Xerophyllum  tenax,  Nutt.  &  X.  Douglasii,  Wats. 
Pink  Violet;  Viola  Canadensis,  L. 
Pitch  Pine;  Pinus  albicaulis,  Engelm. 
Plantain;  Plantago  Asiatica,  L. ;  P.  major,  L. 
Prison  Oak;  Rhus  Toxicodendron,  L. ;  R.  Rydbergii,  ?mali. 
Pomme  Blanche;  Pomme  de  Prairie;  Psoralea  esculenta,  Pursh. 
Porcupine  Grass;  Stipa  comata,  F.  &  R. ;  S.  spartea,  Trin. 


124          MONTANA  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  SCIENCE  STUDIES. 

Poverty-weed;  Iva  axillaris,  Pursh ;  Monolepis  chenopodioides,  Moq. 

Prairie  Apples;  Astragalus  caryocarpus,  Ker. 

Prairie  Bean;  Thermopsis  rhombifolia,  Xutt. 

Prairie  Star;  Tellima  parviflora,  Hook. 

Prickly  Lettuce;  Lactuca  Scariola,  L. 

Purple  Heather;  Bryanthus  empetriformis,  Gray. 

Prickly    Pear;    Opuntia   polyacantha    platycarpa,    Coult.    and   oilier 

species. 

Prince's  Pine;  Chimaphila  umbellata,  Nutt. 
Quaker  Bonnet;  Lupinus  species. 
Quaking  Asp;  Populus  tremnloides,  Michx. 
Rabbit-weed;  Bigelovia  graveolens,  Gray. 
Racine  amare;  Lewisia  rediviva,   Pursh. 

Ragweed;  Ambrosia  artemisisefolia,  L;  Erigeron  Canadensis-,  L. 
Rayless  Dogfennel;  Matricaria  discoidea,  DC. 
F^ttlesnake-weed;  Ecbinacea  angustifolia,  DC. 
Rattleweed;  Astragalus  frigidus  Americanus,  Gray  with  dry  fruit. 
Red  Cedar;  Juniperus  scopulorum,  Sarg.  and  J.  Virginiana.  L. 
Red  Columbine;  Aquilegia  flavescens,  Wats. 
Red-cup  Mariposa  Lily;  Calochortus  Nuttallii,  T  &  G. 
Red  Fir;  Pseudotsuga  mucronata,  Sudw. 
Red  Haw;  Crataegus  coccinea,  L. 
Red-head  Louisa;  Lewisia  rediviva,  Pursh. 
Red  Huckleberry;  Yaccinnum  scoparium,  Leiberg. 
Red  Loco;  Oxytropis  Blankinshipii,   (Nelson). 
Red  Monkey-flower;  Mimulus  Lewisii,  Pursh. 
Red  Willow;  Cornus  stolonifera,  Michx. 
Reed  Grass;  Phragmites  communis,  Trin. 
Ribgrass;  Plantago  Patagonica  gnaphalioides,  Gray. 
River  Cottonwood;  Populus  deltoidcs,  Marsh.     (Eastern  plains.) 
Rock-rose;  CEnothera  csespitosa,  Nutt. 
Rockweed;  Balsamorrhiza  sagittata,  Nutt. 

Rosinweed;  Grindelia  squarrosa,  Dunal. ;  Madia  glomerata,  Hook. 
Rush;  Equisetum  l?evigatum,  A.  Br. 
Russian  Thistle;  Salsola  Kali  Tragus,  Moq. 

Rye-grass;  Aoropyron  tenerum,  Vasey;  Elymus  condensatus,  Presl. 
Sage-brush;  Artemisia  tridentata,  Nutt.;  A.  cana,  Pursh  and  other 

species. 

Salmonberry ;  Rubus  Nutkanus,  Moc. 
Salsify;  Tragopogon  porrifolius,  L. 
Saltgrass;  Distichlis  spicata,  Greene. 


COMMON  NAMES  OF  MONTANA  PLANTS,  125 

Salt  Sage;  Iva  axillaris,  Pursh. 

Sand  Lily;  ]\Jcntzelia  ornata,  T.  &  G.  and  M.  loevicaulis,  T.  &  G. 

Sand  Puffs;  Abronia  micrantha,  Chois.  and  other  species. 

Sand  Rose;  CEnothera  aespitnsa,  Xutt. ;  Lewisia  rediviva,  Pnrsh. 

Sarsaparilla ;  Apocynum  aitdrossemifoltum,  L. ;  Aralia  nudicaulis,  L. 

Sarvice-berry ;  Amelanchier  alnifolia,  Xutt. 

Scorpion-weed;    Phacelia    leucophylla,   Torr. 

Scotch  Thistle;  Cnicus  lanceolatus,  Willd. 

Scrub  Pine;  Pinus  scopulorum,  Lemmon. 

Sedge;  Carex  species. 

Sego  Lily;  Calochortus  species.    . 

Shadberry;  Amelanchier  alnifolia,  Xutt.;  Rubus  Nutkanus,  Moc. 

Shepherd's  Purse;  Capsella  Bnrsa-pastoris,  Moench. 

Shoe-strings;  ( )xytropis  Blankinshipii    (Xelson)   and  other  species. 

Shooting-stars;  Dodecatheon  conjugens,  Greene  and  other  species. 

Shrub  Maple;  Acer  glabrum,  Torr. 

Silkweed;  Asclepias  speciosa,  Torr. 

Silver-bush;  Ekeagnus  argentea,  Pursh. 

Silver  Plant;  Eriogonum  ovalifolium,  X'utt. 

Skeleton-weed;  Lygodesmia  juncea,  Don. 

Skunkweed;  Polemonium  cseruleum,  Gray. 

Slough  Grass;  P>eckmannia  erucseformis,  Host.;  Carex  species;  Hor, 
deum  jubatum,  L. 

Small  Bunch -grass;  Festuca  ovina,  L. 

Snake-root;  Steironema  ciliatum,  Raf. 

Snapdragon;  Mimtilus  Langsdorfii,  Don. 

Snow-on-the-mountains ;  Euphorbia  marginata,  Pursh. 

Soap-root;  Soapweed;  Yucca  angustifolia,  Pursh. 

Sour  Greens;  Rnmex  venosus,  Pursh. 

Sow-thistle;  Sonclms  asper,  Vill. 

Spanish  Bayonet;  Yucca  angustifolia,  Pursh. 

Spatlum;  Lewisia  rediviva,  Pursh. 

Spear-grass;  Stipa  comata.  F.  &  R. :  S.  spartea,  Trin. 

Spider  Plant;  Cleome  integrifolia,  T.  &  G. 

Spotted-cup  Lily;  Fritillaria  atropurpurea,  Nutt. 

Spring  Beauty;  Claytonia  lanceolata,  Pursh  &  C.  multicaulis,  Nel- 
son. 

Spring  Daisy;  Townsendia  Parryi,  Eaton. 

Spring  Lily;  Leucocrinum  montanum,,  Nutt. 

Spruce;  Picea  species. 

Spurry;  Spergula  arvensis,  L. 


126          MONTANA  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  SCIENCE  STUDIES. 

Squaw  Cabbage;  Montia  parvifolia,  Howell. 

Squaw  Feather;  Castilleia. 

Squaw  Lettuce;  Montia  asarifolia,  Howell. 

Squaw-root;  Carum  Gairdneri,  Gray. 

Squirrel-tail  Grass;  Hordeum  jubatum,  L. 

Stagberry;  Symphoricarpus  species. 

Star-flower;  Tellima  parviflora,  Hook. 

Star  of  Bethlehem;  Leucocrinum,  montanum,  Xutt. 

Star-strikers;   Erythronium  grandiflorum,  Pnrsh. 

Sticktights;   Echinospermum   species. 

Sticky  Currant;  Ribes  cereiim,  Dougl. 

Strawberry  Pig-weed;  Chenopodium  capitatum,  Wats. 

Stinging  Nettle;  Urtica  gracilis,  Ait. 

Stinkweed;  Cleome  integrifolia,  T.  &  G. ;  Solanum  triflorum,  Nutt. 

Sulphur  Plant;  Eriogonum  subalpinum,  Greene. 

Sunflower;  Helianthus  annuus,  L.  and  other  species. 

Swamp  Birch;  Betula  microphylla,  Bunge. 

Swamp  Potato;  Sagittaria  arifolia,  Xutt. 

Swsmp  Sego;  Camassia  esculenta,  Lindl. 

Swan  Potato;  Sagittaria  arifolia,  Xutt. 

Sweet  Alyssum;  Thlaspi  alpestre,  L. 

Sweet-Clover;  Alelilotus  alba,  Lam.;  Trifolium  Rydbergii,  Greene. 

Sweetgrass;  Glyceria  fluitans,  R.  Br.  and  G.  aqnatica,  Smith. 

Sweet  Sage;  Artemisia  frigida,  Willd. 

Sweet  Sumac;  Rhus  trilobata,  Nutt. 

Sweet  William;  Phlox  longifolia,  Xutt. 

Syringa;  Philadelphia  Lewisii,  Pursh. 

Tall  Larkspur;   Delphinium   glaucum,  Wats. 

Tall  Ragweed;  Ambrosia  trifida,  L. 

Tall  Rye-grass;  Elymus  condensatus,  Presl. 

Tall  White  Primrose;  CEnothera  albicaulis,  Xutt. 

Tamarack;  Larix  occidentalis,  Xutt. 

Tansy  Mustard;  Sisymbrinm  incisum,  Engelm. ;  S.  canescens,  Xutt. 

Tarweed;  Madia  glomerata,  Hook. 

Tickle-grass;  Panicum  capillare,  L. 

Tickseed;   Echinospermum  species. 

Tiger  Lily;  Eritillaria  atropurpurea.  Xutt. 

Tobacco-root;  Valeriana  edulis,  Xutt. 

Tongue-grass;  Lepidium  apetalum.  Willd. 

Trailing  Juniper;  Juniperus  Sabina  procumbens.  Pursh. 

Traveler's  Joy;  Clematis  ligusticifolia,  Nutt. 


COMMON  NAMES  OF  MONTANA  PLANTS.  127 

Tree  Moss;  Alectoria  Fremontii,  Tuckern.   (black);  Bazzania  trilo- 

bata,  (yellow),  Gray. 

Tule;  Scirpus  lacustris  occidentalis,  Wats. 
Tumble-grass;  Panicnm  capillare,  L. 
Tumbleweed;  Amarantbus  albus,  L. 
Tumbling  Mustard;  Sisymbrium  altissimum,  I  . 

Turkey's  Beard;  Xerophyllum  tenax,  Xutt.  and  X.  Douglasii,  Wats. 
Twinberry;  Lonicera  Utahensis,  Wats. 
Umbrella  Plant;  Eriogomim  subalpinum,  Greene. 
Velvet-leaf  Sunflower;  Balsamorrhiza  sagittata,  XTutt. 
Venus'  Slipper;  Calipso  borealis,  Salisl). 
Virginia  Creeper;  Ampelopsis  quinquefolia,  Micbx. 
Virgin's  Bower;  Clematis  lingusticifolia,  Xutt. 
Wappatoo;  Sagittaria  arifolia,  Xutt. 
Water  Birch;  Betula  microphylla,  Bunge. 
Water  Hemlock;  Cicuta  occidentalis,  Greene. 
Water-leaf;  Hydrophyllum  capitatum,  Dougl. 
Water  Lily;  Xuphar  species  and  Sagittaria  species. 
Water  Parsnip;  Cicuta  occidentalis,  Greene. 
White  Birch;  Betula  papyrifera,  Marsh. 
White  Cedar;  Thuja  plicata,  Don. 
White  Clematis ;  Clematis  ligusticifolia,  Xutt. 
White  Fir;  Abies  grandis,  Lindl. 

White  Lady  Slipper;  Cypripedium  montanum,  Dougl. 
White  Larkspur;  Delphinium  glaucum,  Wats. 
White  Loco ;  See  Loco. 
White  Melilot;  Melilotus  alba,  Lam. 
White  Pine;  Pinus  flexilis,  James;  P.  monticola,  Dougl. 
White  Sage;  Artemisia  Ludoviciana,  Xutt. 
White  Spruce;  Picea  alba.  Link. 
White  Sunflower;  Wyetbia  belianthoides,  Xutt. 
White  Violet;  Viola'  Canadensis,  L. 
White  Water-lily;  Sagittaria  species. 
Wide-leaved  Cottonwood;  Populus  deltoides,  Marsh. 
Wild  Arnica;  Grindelia  squarrosa,  Dunal. 
Wild  Artichoke;  Heliantbus  Maximiliani,  Schrad. 
Wild  Asparagus;  Lygodesmia  juncea,  Don.;  Equisetum  laevigatum, 

A.    Br. 

Wild  Baby's-Breath ;  Gavophytum  caesium.  Xutt. 
Wild  Begonia;  Rumex  venosus,  Pursb. 
Wild  Buckwheat;  Polygonum  Convolvulus,  L. 


128          MONTANA  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  SCIENCE  STUDIES. 

Wild  Candytuft;  Arabis  Xuttallii,  Robins. 

Wild  Clematis ;  Clematis  ligusticifolia,  Xutt. 

Wild  Clover;  Trifolium  species. 

Wild  Cucumber;  Echinocystis  lobata,  T.  &  G. 

Wild  Currant;  Ribes  species. 

Wild  Flag;  Iris  Missouriensis,  Xutt. 

Wild  Fleur  de  Lis;  Iris  Missouriensis,  Xutt. 

Wild  Garlic;  Allium  species. 

Wild  Ginseng;  Aralia  nudicaulis,  L. 

Wild  Gooseberry;  Ribes  setosum,  Lindl. 

Wild  Grape;  Yitis  vulpina,  L. 

Wild  Heliotrope;  Phacelia  Menziesii,  Torr. 

Wild  Hollyhock;  Malvastrum  coccineum,  Gray. 

Wild  Honeysuckle;  Lonicera  ciliosa,  Poir. 

Wild  Hop ;  Humulus  Lupulus,  L. 

Wild  Hyacinth;  Brodirea  Douglasii,  Wats. 

Wild  Hydrangea;  Rumex  venosns,  Pursh. 

Wild  Lettuce;  Lactuca  pulchella,  DC.  . 

Wild  Lily;  Lilium  montanum,  Xelson. 

Wild  Lily  of  the  Valley;  Smilacina  species. 

Wild  Liquorice;  Glycyrrhiza  lepidota,  Pursh. 

Wild  Mint;  Mentha  Canadensis,  L. 

Wild  Morning-glory;  Convolvulus  Sepium,  L. 

Wild  Mustard;   Brassica  Sinapistrum,  Boiss. 

Wild  Oats;  Ayena  fatua,  L. 

Wild  Onion ;  Allium  species. 

Wild  Parsley;  Lomatium  montanum,  C.  &  R. 

Wild  Parsnip;  Leptotaenia  multifkla,  Xutt.  and  other  UmbiH'it-rs. 

Wild  Pea;   Yicia  Americana,  Muhl.:  Lupinus  flexuosus,  Lindl. 

\Vild  Peppermint;  IMentha  Canadensis,  L. 

Wild  Phlox;  Phlox  Icngifolia,  Xutt. 

Wild  Plum;  Primus  Americana,.  ^larsli. 

Wild  Potato;  Solanum  trinortim,  Xutt. 

Wild  Red  Geranium;  Geranium  incisum,  X'utt. 

Wild  Red  Raspberry;  Rubus  strigosus,  Michx. 

Wild  Rice;  I^riocoma  cus])i(lata,  Xutt. 

Wild  Rose;  Rosa  species. 

Wild  Rye;  F.lymus  Canadensis,  L. 

Wild  Sarsaparilla;  Aralia  nudicaulis,  L. 

Wild  Strawberry ;  Fragaria  species. 

Wild  Sunflower;  Helianthus  annuus,  L.  and  other  species. 


COMMON  NAMES  OF  MONTANA  PLANTS.  129 

Wild  Syringa;  Philadelphia  Lewisii,  Pursh. 

Wild  Tansy;  Achillea  lannlosa,  Nutt. 

Wild  Thistle;  Cnicus  undulatus,  Nutt. 

Wild  Tomato ;  Solanum  triflorum,  Nutt. 

Wild  Tuberose;  Leucocrinum  montanum,  Nutt. 

Wild  Turnip;  Brassica  campestris,  L. 

Wild  White  Geranium;  Geranium  Richardsonii,  F.  &  T; 

Willow;  Salix  species. 

Willow  Herb ;  Epilobium  angustifolium,  L. 

Windflower;  Anemone  patens  Nuttalliana,  Gray. 

Wintergreen;  Pyrola  uliginosa,  Torr. 

Wire-grass ;   Eleocharis  palustris,  L. ;  Juncus  Balticus,  Willd.  and 

other  species. 

Wolfsbane;  Aconitum  Columbianum,  Nutt. 
Wormwood;  Artemisia  biennis,  Willd. 
Yamp;  Carum  Gairdneri,  Gray. 
Yardgress;  Polygonum  aviculare,  L. 
Yarrow;  Achillea  lanulosa,  Nutt. 
Yellow-bell;  Fritillaria  pudica,  Spreng. 
Yellow  Columbine;  Aquilegia  flavescens,  Wats. 
Yellow  Currant;  Ribes  aureum  ;  Pursh. 
Yellow  Daisy;  Chrysopsis  villosa,  Nutt. 
Yellow  Flax;  Linum  rigidum,  Pursh. 
Yellow  Lady  Slipper;  Cypripedium  parviflorum,  Salisb. 
Yellow  Melilot;  ]\lelilotus  omcinalis,  Willd. 
Yellow  Monkey-flower;  Mimulus  Langsdorfii,  Donn. 
Yellow  Pea;  Thermopsis  rhombifolia,  Nutt. 
Yellow  Pine;  Pinus  ponderosa,  Dougl. 

Yellow  Primrose;   CEnothera  muricata,   L.    (O.   strigosa,   Rydb.)., 
Yellow  Rose;  Potentilla  fruticosa,  L. 
Yellow  Sage:  Bigelovia  graveolens,  Gray. 
Yellow  Snapdragon;  Thermopsis  montana,  Nutt. 
Yellow  Thistle;  Sonchus  asper.  Vill. 
Yellow  Tree-moss;  Bazzania  trilobata,  S.  F.  Gray. 
Yellow  Violet;  Viola  praemorsa,  Dougl. 

Yellow  Water-lily;  Nuphar  advena,  Ait.  &  N.  polysepalum,  Engelm. 
Yew;  Taxus  brevifolia,  Nutt. 


130          MONTANA  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  SCIENCE  STUDIES. 

SCIENTIFIC  NAMES. 
Species  starred  (*)  are  introduced  and  are  mostly  weeds. 


Abies  grandis,  Lindl.     White  Fir. 

Abies  lasiocarpa,  Nutt.       Balsam  ;  Balsam  Fir  ;  Alpine  Fir. 
.  Abronia  micrantha,  Chois.  and  other  species.     Sand  Puffs. 
Acer  glabrum,  Torr.     Mountain  Maple;  Shrub  Maple. 
Achillea  lanulosa,  Nutt.       Milfoil  ;  Wild  Tansy  ;  Yarrow. 
Aeonitum  Columbianum,  Nutt.     Monkshood  ;  Wolfsbane  ;  Aconite. 
Actaea  spicata,  L.  and  A.  rubra,  W'illd.     Baneberry. 
Actinella  acaulis,  Nutt.       Marigold. 
Agropyron  divergens,  Nees.       Bunch-grass. 
Agropyron  occidentale,  Scribn.  &  spp.     Blue-joint;  Blue-stem. 
Agropyron  tenerum,  Yasey.     Rye-grass. 
Alectoria  Fremontii,  Tuckerm.     Black  Moss  ;  Tree  Moss  (on  Con- 

ifers). 

Allium  Sibericum,  L.  &  spp.  Wild  Onion  ;  Wild  Garlic  ;  Garlic. 
Alnus  sinuata,  Rydb.     Moutain  Alder. 
Alnus  tenuifolia,  Nutt.     Alder. 
Amaranthus  albus,   L.     Tumble-weed,   from   its  tumbling  habit  in 

the  winter. 
Amaranthus  blitoides,  Wats.     Pursely  ;  Pigweed  Pursely,  from  its 

resemblance  to  the  Eastern  Purslane  (Portulaca  olcracea). 
'-Amaranthus  retroflexus,  L.     Pigweed  ;  Careless-weed. 
-Ambrosia  artemisiaefolia,  L.     Ragweed. 
•f  Ambrosia  trifida,  L.     Tall  Ragweed  ;  Horse-weed. 
Amelanchier  alnifolia,    Nutt.        Sarvice-berry  ;     Juneberry  ;      Shad- 

berry. 

Ampelopsis  quinquefolia,  Michx.       Virginia  Creeper. 
Anemone  patens  Nuttalliana,  Gray.     Cowslip  ;  Wind  Flower  ;  Cat's 

Eye  ;  Blue  Tulip  ;  Blue  Anemone  ;  Badgers  (when  peeping  through 

the  ground   in   early   spring)  ;   Lion's    Beard    (from   its   feathery 

fruit)  . 

s::Anthemis  Cotula,  DC.     Mayweed  ;  Dog  Fennel. 
Aphyllon  fasciculatum,  Gray.     Cancer  Root  (  a  reputed  remedy  for 

this  disease). 

Aplopappus  acaulis  glabratus,  Eaton.       Golden  Aster. 
Apocynum  androsasmifolium,  L.     Sarsaparilla. 
Apocynum   cannabinum,    L.   and   A.   androsaemifolium,    L.      Indian 

Hemp. 


COMMON  NAMES  OF  MONTANA  PLANTS.  131 

Aquilegia  casrulea,  James.  Blue  Columbine. 

Aquilegia  flavescens,  Wats.     Yellow  Columbine;  Red  Columbine. 
Arabis  Nuttallii,  Robins.     Wild  Candytuft. 
Aralia  nudicaulis,  L.       Wild  Ginseng;  Wild  Sarsaparilla. 
''Arctium  Lappa,  L.     Burdock. 

Arctostaphylos  Uva-ursi,  Spreng.       Larb   (L'herb)  ;  Kinnikinink. 
'•'Artemisia  biennis,  Willd.     Ironweed;  Wormwood. 
Artemisia  cana,  Pursh.     Blue  Sage. 
Artemisia  frigida,  Willd.     Sweet  Sage;  Old  Man. 
Artemisia  tridentata,  Nutt.  and  A.  cana,  Pursh.     Sage-brush. 
Artemisia  Ludoviciana,  Nutt.     White  Sage. 

Asclepias  speciosa,  Torr.     Milkweed;  Silkweed ;  Butterfly  Weed. 
Astragalus  caryocarpus,  Ker.     Ground  Plums;  Prairie  Apples;  In- 
dian  Pea;   Buffalo   Pea;   Ground    Cherry;    Pig's-feet     (when    in 

bloom). 
Astragalus  frigidus  Americanus,   Gray.     Rattleweed   (from  the  dry 

fruit). 

*Avena  fatua,  L.     Wild  Oats. 
Balsamorrhiza  sagittata,  Nutt.     Big  Root;  Velvet-leaf  Sunflower; 

Arrow-leaf ;  Rockweed. 

Bazzania  trilobata,  S.  F.  Gray.     Yellow  Tree  Moss  (on  Conifers). 
Berberis  repens,  Lindl.     Oregon  Grape;  Barberry. 
Betula  microphylla,   Bunge.     Mountain   or   Swamp    Birch;   Water 

Birch. 

Betula  papyrifera,  Marsh.    White  Birch;  Paper  or  Canoe  Birch. 
Beckmannia  erucaeformis,  Host.      Slough  Grass. 
Bigelovia  graveolens,  Gray.     Greasewood;  Yellow  Sage;  Flowering 

Sage ;  Rabbit  Weed. 

Bouteloua  oligostachya,  Torr.     Buffalo-grass;  Grama-grass. 
"Brassica  campestrrs,  L.     Wild  Turnip. 
"Brassica  nigra,  Koch.     Black  Mustard. 

-Brassica  Sinapistrum,  Boiss.      Wild  Mustard;  Field  Mustard. 
Brodiaea  Douglasii,  Wats.     Wild  Hyacinth. 
"Bromus  racemosus,  L.  and  B.  secalinus,  L.    Cheat ;  Chess. 
Bryanthus  empetriformis,  Gray.     Purple  Heather. 
Calochortus  apiculatus,  Baker  and  other  species.       Atabasco  Lily; 

Sego  Lily ;  Mariposa  Lily ;  Butterfly  Lily. 
Calochortus  Gunnisoni,  Wats.     Brown-cup  Mariposa  Lily. 
Calochortus  Nuttallii,  Torr.  &  Gray.       Red-cup     Mariposa     Lily; 

Mountain  Lily. 
Calypso  borealis,  Salisb.     Calipso;  Venus'  Slipper. 


132         MONTANA  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  SCIENCE  STUDIES. 

Camassia  esculenta,  Lindl.     Camas ;  Swamp  Sego;  Blue  Camas. 

*Camelina  sativa,  Crantz.     False  Flax. 

Campanula  rotundifolia,  L.     Blue-bells;  Harebell;  Bell-flower. 

*Capsella  Bursa-pastoris,  Moench.     Shepherd's  Purse. 

Carex  species.     Sedge;  Sloug-grass. 

Carum  Gairdneri,  Gray.     Squaw-root;  Yamp  (Ind.)  ;  Artichoke. 

Castilleia  spp.  Painted-cup;  Squaw  Feather;  Indian  Pink;  Paint 
Brush. 

Ceanothus  velutinus,   Dougl.     Mountain   Laurel. 

*Cerastium  vulgatum,  L.     Chickweed. 

Cercocarpus  ledifolius,  Nutt.     Mountain  Mahogany. 

Chenopodium  album,  L.     Lamb's  quarter;  Pigweed. 

*Chenopodium  Botrys,  L.     Jerusalem  Oak. 

^Chenopodium  capitatum,  Wats.     Strawberry  Pigweed. 

Chenopodium  glaucum,   L.     Oak-leaved   Goosefoot. 

^Chenopodium  hybridum,  L.     Maple-leaved  Goosefoot. 

Chimaphila  umbellata,  Xutt.     Prince's  Pine. 

"Chrysanthemum  Leucanthemum,  L.       Oxe-eye  Daisy. 

Chrysopsis  villosa,  Nutt.  Golden  Aster;  Golden  Daisy;  Yellow 
Daisy. 

Cicuta  occidentalis,  Greene.  Water  Hemlock;  Water  Parsnip;  Cow- 
bane. 

Clarkia  pulchella,  Pursh.     Clarkia. 

Claytonia  lanceolata,  Pursh.  and  C.  multicaulis,  Nelson.  Spring 
Beauty ;  Ground-nut. 

Clematis  Columbiana,  Torr.  &  Gray.     Blue  Clematis. 

Clematis  ligusticifolia,  Nutt.  Virgin's  Bower ;  White  Clematis ; 
Traveler's  Joy ;  Wild  Clematis. 

Clematis  Douglasii,  Hook.  Lion's  Beard ;  Headache-weed ;  Old- 
man's  Whiskers. 

Clconc  integrifolia,  Torr.  &  Gray.  Indian  Pink;  Stinkweed;  Bee 
Flower;  Spider  Plant. 

Cnicus  arvensis,  Hoffm.     Canada  Thistle. 

Cnicus  eriocephalus,  Gray.     Mountain  Thistle;  Old-man  Graybeard. 

::  Cnicus  lanceolatus,  Willd.     Scotch  Thistle;  Bull  Thistle. 

Cnicus  undulatus,  Nutt.     Wild  Thistle. 

Convolvulus  Sepium,  L.     Wild  Morning  Glory. 

Cornus  stolonifera,  Michx.    Red  Willow;  Kinnikinink. 

Crataegus  coccinea,  L.    Red  Haw. 

Crataegus  Douglasii,  Lindl.     Black  Haw. 

Cuscuta   arvensis,   Beyrich.      Love-vines;    Coral-vines. 


COMMON  NAMES  OF  MONTANA  PLANTS.  133 

*Cuscuta  Epithymum,  Murr.     Alfalfa  Dodder. 

:  ^ynoglossum  officinale,  L.     Hound's-tongue. 

Cypripedium  montanum,  Dougl.     White  Lady's  Slipper. 

Cypripedium  parviflorum,  Salisb.      Yellow  Lady's  Slipper. 

Delphinium  glaucum,  Wats.    Tall  Larkspur;  WThite  Larkspur. 

Delphinium  Menziesii,  DC.  and  D.  bicolor,  Nutt.     Blue  Larkspur. 

Distichlis  spicata,  Greene.     Alkali  Grass;  Salt-grass. 

Dodecatheon  conjugens,  Greene  and  other  species.  Shooting-stars: 
Bird-bills. 

Douglasia  montana,  Gray.  Douglasia ;  Mountain  Pink. 

Draba  nemorosa,  L.     Field  Draba. 

Dracocephalum  parviflorum,  Nutt.     Dragonhead. 

Echinacea  angustifolia,   DC.     Rattlesnake  Weed. 

-: Echinocystis  lobata,  Torr.  &  Gray.    Wild  Cucumber. 

Echinospermum  floribundum,  Lehm.  and  other  spp.  Beggar  Ticks; 
Stick-tights ;  Tickweed. 

Elaeagnus   argentea,    Pursh.      Silver-bush. 

Eleocharis  palustris,   L.     Wire-grass;   Bull-grass. 

Elymus  Canadensis,  L.    Wild  Rye. 

Elymus  condensatus,  Presl.  Rye-grass;  Tall  Rye-grass;  Buffalo 
Rye. 

Epilobium  angustifolium,  L.     Ironweed;  Fireweed;  Willow  Herb. 

Epilobium  paniculatum,  Nutt.     Cottonweed. 

Equisetum  arvense,  L.     Horsetail;  Bulrush. 

Equisetum  laevigatum,  A.  Br.  Wild  Asparagus;  Joint-weed;  Frog- 
sprouts  ;  Rush. 

•::Erigeron  Canadensis.  L.      Ragweed;  Fireweed;  Horsewe;.-. 

Eriocoma  cuspidata,  Nutt.      Wild  Rice;  Indian  Millet. 

Eriogonum  subalpinum,  Greene.  Sulphur  Plant;  Umbrella  Plant 
(with  other  species). 

Eriogonum  ovalifolium,  Nutt.  Silver  Plant  (A  supposed  indication 
of  silver  ores  in  the  rocks  beneath). 

*Erodium  circutarium,  L'Her.     "Alfillaria;  Pin  Clover. 

Erythronium  grandiflorum,  Pursh.  Star-strikers;  Dog-tooth  Vio- 
let; Adders-tongue. 

Euphorbia  glyptosperma,  Engelm.       Carpet-weed. 

-Euphorbia  margmata,  Pursh.  Flowering  Spurge;  Snow  on  the 
Mountains. 

Fatsia  horrida,  Benth  &  Hook.       Devil's  Walking-stick. 

Festuca  ovina,  L.      Bunch  Grass ;  Small  Bunch-grass. 

Fragaria  spp.      Wild  Strawberry. 


134         MONTANA  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  SCIENCE  STUDIES. 

Franseria  Hookeriana,  Xutt.       Bur  Ragweed. 

Fraxinus  viridis,  Michx.       Green  Ash. 

Fritillaria  atropurpurea,  Nntt.  Tiger  Lily ;  Leopard  Lily ;  Spotted 
Cup  Lily;  Brown  Lily. 

Fritillaria  pudica,  Spreng.      Yellow-Bell. 

Gaillardia  aristata,  Pursh.  Blackeyed  Susan ;  Blanket-flower ; 
Gaillardia. 

Galium  boreale,  L.       Meadow-sweet. 

Gaura  coccinea,  Nutt.       Butterfly  Weed. 

Gayophytum  caesium,  Nutt.       Wild  Baby's-Breath. 

Gentiana  frigida,  Haenke.      Montana  Edelweiss. 

Geranium  Carolinianum,  L.  and  G.  Bicknellii,  Britton.  Crane's 
Bill;  Bird-Bills. 

Geranium  incisum,  Nutt.      Wild  Red  Geranium. 

Geranium  Richardsonii,  Fisch.  &  Trautv.      Wild  White  Geranium. 

Geum  triflorum,  Pursh.       Old-man's  Whiskers  (when  in  fruit). 

Glyceria  fluitans,  R.  Br.  &  G.  aquatica,  Smith.     Sweet-grass. 

Glycyrrhiza  lepidota,  Pursh.       Wild  Liquorice;  Cucklebur. 

Grindelia  squarrosa,  Dunal.    Rosin-weed ;  Wild  Arnica  ;  Gum-weed. 

Helianthus  annuus,  L.  and  other  spp.      Sunflower ;  Wild  Sunflower. 

Helianthus  Maximiliani,  Schrad.       Wild  Artichoke. 

Heracleum  lanatum,  Michx.       Cow  Parsnip:  Cow  Cabbage. 

Heuchera  glabella,  T.  &  G.    Kalispell. 

Hordeum  jubatum,  L.       Foxtail ;  Squirrel-tail  Grass ;  Slough-grass. 

Humulus  Lupulus,  L.      Wild  Hop ;  Hop-vine. 

Hydrophyllum  capitatum,  Dougl.      Water-leaf. 

Ipomoea  leptophylla,  Torn     Big  Root. 

Iris  Missouriensis,  Nutt.  Blue  Flag;  Wild  Flag;  Wild  Fleur  de 
Lis. 

Iva  axillaris,  Pursh.      Bazzle-weed ;  Salt  Sage ;  Poverty  weed. 

Iva  xanthiifolia,  Nutt.       Careless  Weed ;  Horseweed. 

juncus  Balticus,  Willd.  and  spp.       Wire-grass. 

Juniperus  scopulorum,  Sarg.       Red  Cedar. 

Juniperus  communis  alpina,  Gaud,  and  J.  Sabina  procumbens,  Pursh. 
Juniper;  Trailing  Juniper. 

Lactuca  pulchella,  DC.       Milkweed;  Wild  Lettuce;  Cotton-weed. 

Lactuca  Scariola,  L.  Prickly  Lettuce ;  Chinese  Lettuce ;  Compass- 
Plant. 

Larix  occidentalis,  Nutt.       Tamarack. 

Lepachys  columnaris,  Torr.  &  Gray.       Cone-flower. 

Lepidium  apetalum,  Willd.  Bird-seed;  Tongue-grass;  Pepper-gra>:s. 


COMMON  NAMES  OF  MONTANA  PLANTS.  135 

Leptotaenia  multifida,  Nutt.       Wild  Parsnip. 

Leucocrinum  montanum,  Nutt.      Spring  Lily ;  Wild  Tuberose ;  Star 

of  Bethlehem. 
Lewisia  rediviva,   Pursh.       Bitter-root;   Red-head   Louis?,;   Racine 

amare  (Fr.)  ;  Spatlum  (Ind.). 
Liatris  punctata,  Hook.       Blazing  Star. 
Lilium  montanum,  Nelson.       Mountain  Lily. 
Linum  Lewisii,  Pursh.       Blue  Flax. 
Linum  rigidum,  Pursh.      Yellow  Flax. 
Lithospermum  angustifolium,  Michx.    Indian  Paint. 
Lomatium  ambiguum,   Coult  &  Rose,   L.   cous,   C.   &  R.    (and   L. 

montanum,  C.  &  R.?).       Cous;  Cous  Root;  Biscuit  Root;  Wild 

Parsley. 

Lonicera  ciliosa,  Poir.      Wild  Honeysuckle. 
Lonicera  involucrata,  Banks.       Bearberry. 
Lonicera  Utahensis,  Wats.       Bush  Honeysuckle;  Twinberry. 
Lupinus  leucophyllus,  Dougl.    and    other    species.     Blue     Lupine; 

Wild  Pea;  Prairie  Bean;  Blue  Bean;  Quaker  Bonnet;  Blue  Pea; 

Blue-weed. 

Lygodesmia  juncea,  Don.      Wild  Asparagus;  Skeleton  Weed. 
*Madia  filipes,  Gray.       Little  Tarweed. 
Madia  glomerata,  Hook.      Tarweed ;  Rosin-weed. 
Malvastrum  coccineum,  Gray.       Wild  Hollyhock. 
Mamillaria  vivipara,  Haw.      Cushion  Cactus. 
*Marrubium  vulgare,  L.       Hprehound. 
Matricaria  discoidea,  DC.       Green  or  Rayless  Dogfennel. 
"Melilotus  alba,  Lam.      Sweet  or  Honey  Clover;  White  Melilot. 
-Melilotus  officinalis,  Willd.       Yellow  Melilot. 
Mentha  Canadensis,  L.      Wild  Mint;  Wild  Peppermint. 
Mentzelia  ornata,  T.  &  G.      Sand  Lily. 
Mertensia  oblongifolia,  Don.  and  other  spp.       Blue-Bells. 
Mimulus  Langsdorfii,  Donn.      Snapdragon  ;  Yellow  Monkey-Flower. 
Mimulus  Lewisii,  Pursh.       Red  Monkey-Flower. 
Monolepis  chenopodioides,  Moq.       Poverty  Weed. 
Montia  asarifolia,  Howell.       Squaw  Lettuce. 
Montia  parviflora,  Howell.       Squaw  Cabbage. 
Myosotis  alpestris,  Schmidt.       Forgetmenot. 
Neillia  malvacea,  Greene.    Buckthorn. 

Negundo  aceroides,  Moench.       Box  Elder ;  Ash-leaved  Maple. 
5i  Nepeta  cataria,  L.      Catnip. 
Nuphar  advena,  Ait.  and  N.  polysepalum,  Engelm.     Yellow  Water 


136         MONTANA  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  SCIENCE  STUDIES. 

Lily. 

CEnothera  albicaulis,  Nutt.      Tall  White  Primrose. 

QEnothera  caespitosa,  Nutt.  Evening  Primrose ;  Mountain  Prim- 
rose ;  Rock  Rose. 

CEnothera  muricata,  L.       (O.  strigosa,  Rydb.).  Yellow  Primrose. 

CEnothera  pinnatifida,   Nutt.       Evening  Primrose. 

Crthocarpus  tenuifolius,  Benth.       Fairy  Pinks. 

Opuntia  polyacantha  platycarpa,  Coult.       Prickly  Pear;  Cactus. 

Oryzopsis.       See  Eriocoma. 

Oxytropis  Blankinshipii,  (Nelson).     Red  Loco;  Shoe-strings. 

Oxytropis  Lambertii,  Pursh.  Loco-weed;  White  Loco;  Buffalo 
Pea. 

*Panicum  capillare,  L.       Tumble-grass ;  Tickle-grass. 

Pedicularis  Groenlandica,  Retz.     Elephant's  Head. 

Pentstemon  acuminatus,  Dougl.      Baby  Blue-eyes ;  Mayflower. 

Petasites  sagittata,  Gray.       Coltsfoot. 

Peucedanum.       See  Lomatium. 

Phacelia  leucophylla,  Torr.    Scorpion  Weed. 

Phacelia  Menziesii,  Torr.       Wild  Heliotrope. 

Philadelphus  Lewisii,  Pursh.       Wild  Syringa. 

Phleum  alpinum,  L.     Mountain  Timothy. 

Phlox  Hoodii,  Rich.      Moss  Pink ;  Moss  Phlox. 

Phlox  longifolia,  Nutt.      Sweet  William. 

Phragmites  communis,  Trin.       Cane  Grass;  Reed  Grass. 

Physaria  didymocarpa,  Gray.       Bladder  Pod. 

Picea  alba,  Link.      White    Spruce. 

Picea  Engelmanni,  Engelm.       Engelmann's  Spruce. 

Pinus  albicaulis,  Engelm.      Nut  Pine  ;  Pitch  Pine ;  Alpine  Pine. 

Pinus  flexilis,  James.      White  Pine ;  Nut  Pine. 

Pinus  monticola,  Dougl.       White  Pine ;  Little  Sugar  Pine. 

Pinus  Murrayana,  Murr.       Lodgepole  Pine. 

Pinus  ponderosa,  Dougl.       Yellow  Pine;  Missoula  Pine. 

Pinus  scopulorum,  Lemmon.       Bull  Pine;  Black  Pine;  Scrub  Pine. 

Plantago  Asiatica,  L.  and  *P.  major,  L.      Plantain. 

Plantago  Patagonica  gnaphalioides,  Gray.       Ribgrass. 

Polemonium  caeruleum,  Gray.       Jacob's  Ladder;  Skunkweed. 

*Polygonum  Convolvulus,  L.       Wild  Buckwheat;  Bindweed. 

Populus  angustifolia,  James.       Narrow-leaved   Cottonwood. 

Populus  balsamifera,  L.       Balm  of  Gilead;  Balm. 

Populus  deltoides,  Marsh.      Wide-leaved  or  River  Cottonwood. 

Populus  tremuloides,  Michx.      Quaking  Asp;  Aspen  Poplar. 


COMMON  NAMES  OF  MONTANA  PLANTS.  137 

Potamogeton  spp.      Fishweed. 

Pteris  aquilina,  L.       Brake  Fern. 

Potentilla  spp.       Five-finger. 

Potentilla  fruticosa,  L.      Yellow  Rose. 

Primus  Americana,  Marsh.      Wild  Plum. 

Prunus  demissa,  Walp.      Choke  Cherry. 

Pyrola  uliginosa,  Torr.       Wintergreen. 

Pseudotsuga  mucronata,  Sudw.      Red  Fir ;  Douglas  Fir. 

Psoralea  esculenta,  Pursh.  Indian  Turnip;  Bread-root;  Ponime 
Blanche  or  Pomme  de  Prairie  (French  Voyageur). 

Pyrus  sambucifolia,  Cham.  &  Schl.       Mountain  Ash. 

Ranunculus  spp.       Buttercup. 

Kibes  Americanum.  Mill.     Black  Currant. 

Ribes  aureunr,  Pursh.     Yellow  Currant. 

Ribes  cereum,  Dougl.  and  R.  viscosissimum.  Pursh.  Sticky  or  Vis- 
cid Currant. 

Ribes  setosum,  Lincll.     Wild  Gooseberry. 

Rhus  Rydbergii,  Small  and  R.  Toxicodendron,  L.     Poison  Oak. 

Rhus  trilobata,  Nutt.     Sweet  Sumac. 

Rosa  spp.    Wild  Rose. 

Rubus  Nutkanus,  Moc.     Salmonberry ;  Shadberry. 

Rubus  strigosus,  Michx.     Wild  Red  Raspberry. 

Rudbeckia  laciniata,  L.  Black-eyed  Susan;  Cone-flower;  Nigger- 
head. 

Rudbeckia  occidentalis,  Nutt.    Nigger-head. 

*Rumex  crispus,  L.  and  R.  salicifolius,  Weinm,    Dock. 

Rumex  venosus,  Pursh.  Sour  Greens;  Wild  Begonia;  Wild  Hy- 
drangea. 

Sagittaria  arifolia,  Nutt.  Arrow-leaf;  White  Water  Lily;  Swan  or 
Swamp  Potato;  Wappatoo  (Ind.). 

Salix  spp.    Wallow. 

Salix  Mackenziana,  Barratt.     Diamond  Willow. 

Salsola  Kali  Tragus,  Moq.     Russian  Thistle. 

Sambucus  glauca,  Nutt.    Elder ;  Elderberry. 

Saponaria  Vaccaria,  L.     Cockle ;  Cow  Cockle. 

Sarcobatus  vermiculatus,  Torr.     Greasewood. 

Scirpus  lacustris  occidentalis,  Wats.     Bulrush ;  Tule. 

Shepherdia  argentea,  Nutt.  Buffalo  Berry;  Bull-berry;  Graisse  de 
Boeuf  (Fr.). 

^Sisymbrium  altissimum,  L.     Tumbling  Mustard. 


138         MONTANA  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE  SCIENCE  STUDIES. 

Sisymbrium  incisum,  Engelm.  and  S.  canescens,  Nutt.  Tansy  Mus- 
tard. 

Sisymbrium  officinale,  Scop.     Hedge  Mustard. 

Sisyrinchium  spp.     Blue-eyed  Grass. 

Smilacina  spp.     False  Solomon's  Seal ;  Wild  Lily  of  the  Valley. 

Solanum  nigrum,  L.     Deadly  Nightshade. 

Solanum  triflorum,  Nutt.  Stinkweed ;  Wild  Potato ;  Wild  Tomato ; 
Ground  Cherry. 

>1:Sonchus  asper,  Vill.     Yellow  Thistle;  Sow-thistle. 

Sparganium  spp.     Bur-reed. 

:;Spergula  arvensis,  L.     Spurry. 

Steironema  ciliatum,  Raf.     Snake-root. 

*Stellaria  media,  Smith.     Chickweed. 

Stipa  comata,  F.  &  R.  and  S.  spartea,  Trin.  Spear  Grass ;  Porcupine 
Grass ;  Devil's  Darning-needles. 

Symphoricarpus  occidentalis,  Hook.  June  Berry;  Buckbush;  Stag- 
berry  ;  Partridge-berry. 

*Symphytum  officinale,  L.       Comfrey. 

Synthyris  rubra,  Benth.       Kitten-tails. 

Taraxacum  officinale,  Wreber.       Dandelion. 

Taxus  brevifolia,  Nutt.       Ground  Hemlock ;  Yew. 

Tellima  parviflora,  Hook.       Star-flower;  Prairie  Star. 

Thermopsis  montana,  Nutt.      Yellow  Snapdragon. 

Thermopsis  rhombifolia,  Nutt.       Prairie  Bean ;  Yellow  Pea. 

Thlaspi  alpestre,  L.       Sweet  Alyssum. 

*Thlaspi  arvense,  L.       Pennycress. 

Thuja  plicata,  Don.       White  Cedar;  Cedar. 

Townsendia  Parryi,  Eaton.       Spring  Daisy ;  Daisy. 

::  Tragopogon  porrifolius,  L.       Salsify  ;  Oyster  Plant. 

Trifolium  Rydbergii,  Greene.       Sweet  Clover. 

Trifolium  spp.       Wild  Clover,  Mountain  Clover. 

Trillium  ovatum,  Pursh.       Tril-lium ;  Wake  Robin. 

Tsuga  heterophylla,  Sargent.       Hemlock. 

Typha  latifolia,  L.      Cat-tail;  Cat-tail  Flag;  Bulrush. 

Ulmus  Americana,  L.       Elm ;  White  Elm. 

*Urtica  gracilis,  Ait.      Nettle ;  Stinging  Nettle. 

Vaccinium  membranaceum,  Dougl.       Huckleberry. 

Vaccinium  scoparium,  Leiberg.       Red  Huckleberry;  Grouse-berry. 

Valeriana  edulis,  Nutt.       Tobacco  Root. 

*Verbascum  Blattaria,  L.      Moth  Mullein. 

*Verbascum  Thapsus,  L.      Mullein. 


COMMON  NAMES  OF  MONTANA  PLANTS.  12f 

Verbena  bracteosa,  Michx.       Ground  Vervain. 

Vicia  Americana,  Muhl.      Wild  Pea. 

Viola  adunca,  Smith.      Blue  Violet;  Common  Blue  Violet. 

Viola  Canadensis,  L.      White  or  Pink  Violet. 

Viola  cognata,  Greene.       Mountain  Violet. 

Viola  praemorsa,  Dougl.      Yellow  Violet ;  Common  Yellow  Violet. 

Vitis  vulpina,  L.       Wild  Grape;  Frost  Grape. 

Wyethia  helianthoides,  Nutt.     White  Sunflower. 

Xanthium  Canadense,  Mill.       Cucklebur. 

Xerophyllum  tenax,  Nutt.  and  X.  Douglasii,  Wats.  Bear-grass; 
Moose  Grass ;  Turkey's  Beard ;  Pine  Grass. 

Yuc.n  angustifolia,  Pursh.  Soaproot;  Soap-weed ;  Spanish  Bay- 
onet; C;ass  Cactus. 

Zygadenus  venosus,  Wats.       Death  Camas;  Lobelia. 


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